Assessing the Productivity and Heavy Metal Levels in Telfaria occidentalis Hook, f. (Fluted Pumpkin) Grown with Fish Culture Waste Waters
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Abstract
The phenomenal growth in the aquaculture industry is encouraging farmers to re-use fish culture waste water to irrigate vegetable gardens particularly during the dry season in southeastern Nigeria. The performance of Telfaira occidentalis production when irrigated with fish culture wastewater as well as the mineral and heavy metal levels in the plant were assessed. T. occidentalis seedlings were transplanted into beds and separately exposed to four (4) treatments which were irrigation with wastewater once daily (WW1D, irrigation with wastewater twice per week (WW2W), irrigation with borehole water once daily (BW1D), irrigation with borehole water twice per week (BW2D) The levels of various minerals and heavy metals were determined in the borehole water (BW), wastewater (WW), soil and the leaves of harvested T. occidentalis. The concentrations Ca, K, Na, P, and N were significantly higher by (127.70%), K (191.39%), Na (129.20%), P (177.46%) and N (188.96%) respectively in the WW than those in the BW, however the mineral concentrations in both WW and BW were within the safe levels recommended by WHO/FAO except for K and P contained in the WW. Daily irrigation with wastewater increased the soil concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, P and N by 78.76%, 0.47%, 131.25%, 47.44, 45.60% and 117.51% respectively over that of borehole water. Growing T. occidentalis by using fish culture waste water for irrigation increased the concentrations of Pb, Fe, Cr, and Cd on its leaves to 0.38mg/kg, 0.58mg/kg, 0.04mg/kg, and 0.24mg/kg respectively. Economic yield of T. occidentalis in terms of leaf number was 44.5% higher when grown with fish culture waste water than the borehole water at 6 WAS. Using Fish culture wastewater to grow vegetables provides fertilization and increases crop performance and this practice is recommended for resource-poor farmers and when water shortage and fertilizer pose limitations. Such a practice presents a risk of significantly elevating heavy metal concentrations in the plant and the soil as well as causing soil salinization particularly with prolonged usage.
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