Growth and Yield Performance of Bambara nuts (Vigna subterranean (L). Verdc) as Influenced by Cropping System and Plant Spacing in Yola, Nigeria
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Abstract
The experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield performance of Bambara nuts (Vigna subterramean (L) Verdc) under a cropping system (bambara nuts/maize intercrop) and different plant spacing. The experiment was conducted during the 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Crop Production and Horticulture, Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola, Nigeria. The field experiments were factorial design laid out in a split plot design. The treatments consisted of three (3) plant spacings of 20, 25 and 30 cm which were assigned to main plot treatment while maize variety samaz 17 and bambara nut were assigned to the sub- plots treatment was replicated three (3) times. Performance parameters measured included establishment count expressed in percentage, plant height, harvest index, days to 50% flowering, shelling percentage, weight of dry pod, weight of seed and total yields. Results showed that plant spacing and maize-bambara nut intercrop has no significant effect on establishment, plant height, harvest index, days to 50 % podding and shelling percentage of bambara nuts. Results also showed that plant spacing and maize-bambara nut intercrop had significant effect on weight of dry pod, 100 seed weight and total grain yield of bambara nut. It is recommended that a wider plant spacing of 30 cm in a maize – bambara nut intercrop should be observed for meaningful yield in Yola.
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References
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Sharma,-D-K; Chaudhary,-D-R; Pandey,-D-P. (2001). Growth and yield of lettuce cv. Alamo-1 as influenced by dates of planting and plant density. Varanasi, India: Indian Society of Vegetable Science. Vegetable-Science. 2001; 28(1): 38-39
Statistical Analysis System Institute (2009) SAS/STAT software; changes and enhancement through release 9.2. SAS Institute, Cary NC. USA
Sullivan, P. (2003). Intercropping Principles and Production Practices. Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas Publication. http://www.attra.ncat.org.
Undie, U. L., Uwah, D. F., and Attoe, E. E. (2012). Growth and Development of Late Season Maize/Soybean Intercropping in Response to Nitrogen and Crop Arrangement in the Forest Agro-ecology of South Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture Res.,7 (1): 1 – 16.
Zahoor S (1991) Yield and yield components of gram (Cicer arietinum L.) as influenced by seeding density and NP application MSc (Hons) Thesis Dept. Agron. Univ Agric Faisalabad Pakistan
Addo-Quaye, A. A., Darkwa, A. A., and Ocloo, G. K. (2011). Yield and Productivity of Component Crops In a Maize-Soybean Intercropping System as Affected By Time of Planting and Spatial Arrangement. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 6(9): 50-57.
Adeniyi, O. N., Akende, S. R., Balongun, M. O., and Saka, J. O. (2007). Evaluation of crop yield of African yam bean, maize and kenaf under intercropping systems.American-Eurasian Journal Agricultural and Environmental Science 2(1), 99- 102.
Chaudary, A.R (1983). Maize in Pakistan, Punjab Agric, Res. Coordination Board, University of Agric. Faisaland.
Cumberland, J.A., (1978). Jugo beans: Research Report No. 19. Agriculture; Malkerns Research station, Swaziland. 11pp.
Eskandari, H. Ghanbari, A and Javanmard A. intercropping of cereals and legumes for forage production. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, No. 10 Pp. 7-13, 2009.
Gabatshele, M., Teko, K. And Mojeremane, W. (2012) Effect of intercropping on the performance of maize and cowpeas in Botswana. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 2(6): 307-310.
Hadley, P., Roberts, E. H., Summerfield, R. J., and Minchin, F. R. (1983). A quantitative Model of Reproductive Development in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) in Relation to Photoperiod and Temperature, and Implications for Screening Germoplasm. Annals of Botany 51, 531-543.
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (2009) Selected Method for Soil plants Analysis.HTA, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Jakusko,B. B (2016). Introduction to Agronomy. Ahmadu Bello University press Limited, Zaria, Kaduna State Nigeria. 169pp.
Kamanga B. C. Waddington G. S. R., Robertson M. J. and Giller K. E. (2010),Risk analysis of Maize-Legume crop combination with small holder farmers varying in resource endowment in central Malawi. Journal Experiment Agric, 46-1-21.
Kamithi D. K., Kibe A. M., Akuja T. E. (2009) Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Plant Population on Growth, Yield And Harvest Index (HI) of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Dry Land Conditions in Kenya. Journal of Applied Biosciences 22: 1359 – 1367
Karikari D. K., O. Chaba B. Molosiwa (1999) Effect of intercropping bambara groundnut on pear millet, sorghum and maize in Botswana. African Crop Science Journal. 7(2):143-152.
Maria, S. and Imad, S. (2014). Crop Insight: Soil, Temperature and Corn Emergence. Du Pont Pioneer Agronomy Sciences Research update, The Depont Oval Logo,U.S.A. 4: (10) 8-11
Mkandawire, F. L and Sibuga, K. P (2002). Yield response of bambara groundnut to plants population and seed bed type African crop Science Journal 10(1):39-49.
Moniruzzaman, M. 2006. Effects of plant spacing and mulching on yield and profitability of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development Gazipur. 4(1/2): 107-111.
Mpangane, P. N. Z., Ayisi, K. K., Mishiyi, M. G., and Whitebread, A. (2004).Grain Yield of Maize Grown in Sole and Binary Cultures with Cowpea and Lablab in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Tropical legumes for sustainable farming systems in Southern Africa and Australia. Edited by Whitebread, A. M., and Pengelly, B. C. ACIAR Proceedings No. 115.
Mucheru M.W. Mugendi D.N. Kangai A.R. Kung’u J.B. Mugwe J. Otor S. (2003). Farmer Participation In Enhancing Food Productivity Through Agroforestry In The Central Highlands, Kenya. Paper Presented in the ANAFE Symposium on Building Agricultural and natural resources education in Africa: quality and relevance of tertiary education, held in Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. (April 14-16th 2003).
Muoneke C. O, Ogwuche M.A. O Kalu B. A (2007), Effect of maize planting density on the performance of maize soyabean intercropping system in Guinea Savannah Agro eco-system African journal Agric Res., 2(12): 142-145.
Nzabi, A. W., Makini, F., Onyango, M., Kidula, N., Muyonga, C. K., Miriku, M., Mutai, E., and Gesare, M. (2000). Effect of intercropping legume with maize on soil fertility and maize yield. ww.kari.org/Legume_Project/Legume2Conf_2000/26.pdf.
Obi. U. I. (1991).maize, its agronomy Disease pest and and food value, computer solutions, limited,enugu,Pp 207.
Orzolek, M. D. (1991). Establishment of Vegetables in the Field. American Journal for Horticultural Science, Department of Horticulture. The Pennsylvania State University Park, P.A 16802: (10)78-81
Saxena, M.C. (1987). A note on leaf area estimation of intact maize leaves. Indian Journal of Agriculture. 10: 437-439.
Seran T.H and Brintha I. review on miaize based intercropping. Journal of Agronomy. 135 – 145, 2010.
Sharma,-D-K; Chaudhary,-D-R; Pandey,-D-P. (2001). Growth and yield of lettuce cv. Alamo-1 as influenced by dates of planting and plant density. Varanasi, India: Indian Society of Vegetable Science. Vegetable-Science. 2001; 28(1): 38-39
Statistical Analysis System Institute (2009) SAS/STAT software; changes and enhancement through release 9.2. SAS Institute, Cary NC. USA
Sullivan, P. (2003). Intercropping Principles and Production Practices. Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas Publication. http://www.attra.ncat.org.
Undie, U. L., Uwah, D. F., and Attoe, E. E. (2012). Growth and Development of Late Season Maize/Soybean Intercropping in Response to Nitrogen and Crop Arrangement in the Forest Agro-ecology of South Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture Res.,7 (1): 1 – 16.
Zahoor S (1991) Yield and yield components of gram (Cicer arietinum L.) as influenced by seeding density and NP application MSc (Hons) Thesis Dept. Agron. Univ Agric Faisalabad Pakistan