Protracted Herders and Crop Farmers Conflict in North Central Nigeria: the Imperative of Rejiging the Herding System
Main Article Content
Abstract
Apart from scourge of Boko-haram induced terrorism in Nigeria, another issue that had occupied public discourse and challenged national’s security and social stability in the recent times is the lingering of hostility between the nomadic herdsmen and farmers. Both groups at one times or the other have been on one another throat over access to land and water. On several occasions, particularly, in the north-central; thousands of people have been killed, farmlands and crops worth billions of naira have been destroyed, cows and other animals have been wasted and rustled, houses have been destroyed, the aged long social relationships and harmonious peaceful coexistence have been broken. Steps and efforts made by governments and civil society groups to midwife peace between the herdsmen and farmers through a mediation or dialogue mechanism elusive because conflict issues have not been fundamentally addressed. This study, therefore, advocates for a change of approach as it concerns cattle rearing and taking cognizance of what may work, and what steps have failed in the past with hindsight of global best practice.
Article Details
Section
Articles
References
Aaron, S. (2011). Climate Change Adaptation and Conflict in Nigeria: Special Report Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
Ademola, F. (2009). “Theories of Social Conflict”. In Best, S. et al (2004) Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa. Ibadan: Spectrum.
Adesina, A and Kumolu, C. (2014) “Fulani herdsmen and farmers clashes: furore over grazing reserves”. Vanguard, 9 April. Pp4.
Ahmed, R. (2012). “West Africa under threat from Militants -IDSA” Daily Trust. Pp27
Anyanwu, U. (2000). “Lecture notes on History 333: Crises and Conflict Resolution in Africa”. Imo State University, Owerri.
Awogbade, M. (1980) "Livestock Development and Range Use in Nigeria." In The Future of Pastoral People: Proceedings of a Conference Held in Nairobi, August 4-8, 1980, by Institute of Development Studies. Nairobi: Institute of Development Studies. Pp 325- 333.
Bako, S., and Ingawa, S. (1986) "Animal Traction in Nigeria: A Review." Paper presented to the Third Regional Workshop on animal Traction for Agricultural Development in West Africa. Selv, Senegal, July 7-12, 1988. Selv: n.p.
Bello, A.U. (2013). “Herdsmen and Farmers conflict in north-eastern Nigeria: causes, repercussions and resolutions”. Academic Journal of interdisciplinary studies, Vol. 2, No 5.
Bello, E. (2014). “How to Resolve Fulani Herdsmen, Farmers Clash” Thisday live, April 20
Bello, M. (2013). Perspectives on the conflicts between farmers and transhumant pastoralists in Nigeria” www.agreatword.com
Daily Independent, Guns, guns everywhere, online version n.d. editorial.
Ezeomah, C. (1987). The Settlement Patterns of Nomadic Fulbe in Nigeria: Implications for Educational Development. Cheshire: Dean-house Limited.
Fashua, K. (2013) “Land Resources and Resulting Conflict between Farmers and Herdsmen”. Baliff Africa.
Fayinka, F. A. (2004). “Food Security in Nigeria: Challenges under Democratic Dispensation”. Paper Presented At 9th ARMTI Annual Lecture, March 24.
Federal Ministry of Environment, (2008) National Policy on Desertification and Drought. Abuja: Federal Ministry of Environment.
George, M. (2012) “The Libyan crises and the western Sahel: emerging security issues. A publication of the institute for Defence studies and Analysis
Governor Suswan (2013) Fulani herdsmen not responsible for killings in Benue” Premium Times, December 29
Gundu A. Z. (2012). “Tackling the nomadic challenge in Nigeria”. Feature Article in Nigeria world. www.nigeriaworld.com
Gurr, T. (1970). Why Men Rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Ikumola, D.A. (2010). “The Socio-Economic Implication of Climatic Change, Desert Encroachment and Communal Conflicts in Northern Nigeria”. Being a Research Paper Presented at the 250th Anniversary Conference of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters (Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab, DKNVS) On Climate Change and Security.
Iro, I. (1994).”Grazing Reserve Development: A Panacea to the Intractable Strife between Farmers and Herders”,
Jibo, M, Simbine, A and Galadima, H. (2001). Ethnic groups and conflicts in Nigeria: Vol. 4, The North central zone of Nigeria. Ibadan: The Lord’s Creations.
Mohammed, B. (2013). Perspectives on the conflicts between farmers and transhumant pastoralists in Nigeria” www.agreatword.com
Nigeria, (2014) Nomad-farmer clashes increase as pasture shrinks” retrieved on 26th June, http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=84761.
Nyako, M. (2014). Suggests solutions to clashes between herdsmen, farmers” Premium Times, April 5
Odoh, S.I and Chigozie C. F (2012). “Climate change and conflict Nigeria: A theoretical and empirical examination of the worsening incidence of conflict between Fulani herdsmen and farmers in northern Nigeria”. Arabian journal of Business and management review (OMAN Chapter) Vol. 2, No 1, August.
Omaliko, C., Mammah, O and Agbakoba, A. (1984) "Some Aspects of Rangeland Improvement in a Derived Savannah Ecosystem." Journal of Range Management 37 (September). Pp 415-419.
Salisu, S. (2014) “Fulani herdsmen: villains or victims? Nigerian Tribune, April 30th
Suswan, G. (2013). Fulani herdsmen not responsible for killings in Benue” Premium Times, December 29
USAID, (2014). Ending Extreme Poverty in Fragile Contexts. USAID.
Waters-Bayer, A., and Taylor-Powell, E (1986). Population and Land Use in the Sub-humid Zone of Nigeria. In Livestock Systems Research in Nigeria's Sub-humid Zone: Proceedings of a second I.L.C.A./N.A.P.R.I. symposium held in Kaduna, Nigeria, October 29-November 4, 1984, edited by R. von Kaufmann, S. Charter, and R. Blench, 37-58. Addis Ababa: I.L.C.A.
World Bank, (2014). Micro-level Conflict analysis in five states of north eastern Nigeria. Washington: The World Bank.
Ademola, F. (2009). “Theories of Social Conflict”. In Best, S. et al (2004) Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa. Ibadan: Spectrum.
Adesina, A and Kumolu, C. (2014) “Fulani herdsmen and farmers clashes: furore over grazing reserves”. Vanguard, 9 April. Pp4.
Ahmed, R. (2012). “West Africa under threat from Militants -IDSA” Daily Trust. Pp27
Anyanwu, U. (2000). “Lecture notes on History 333: Crises and Conflict Resolution in Africa”. Imo State University, Owerri.
Awogbade, M. (1980) "Livestock Development and Range Use in Nigeria." In The Future of Pastoral People: Proceedings of a Conference Held in Nairobi, August 4-8, 1980, by Institute of Development Studies. Nairobi: Institute of Development Studies. Pp 325- 333.
Bako, S., and Ingawa, S. (1986) "Animal Traction in Nigeria: A Review." Paper presented to the Third Regional Workshop on animal Traction for Agricultural Development in West Africa. Selv, Senegal, July 7-12, 1988. Selv: n.p.
Bello, A.U. (2013). “Herdsmen and Farmers conflict in north-eastern Nigeria: causes, repercussions and resolutions”. Academic Journal of interdisciplinary studies, Vol. 2, No 5.
Bello, E. (2014). “How to Resolve Fulani Herdsmen, Farmers Clash” Thisday live, April 20
Bello, M. (2013). Perspectives on the conflicts between farmers and transhumant pastoralists in Nigeria” www.agreatword.com
Daily Independent, Guns, guns everywhere, online version n.d. editorial.
Ezeomah, C. (1987). The Settlement Patterns of Nomadic Fulbe in Nigeria: Implications for Educational Development. Cheshire: Dean-house Limited.
Fashua, K. (2013) “Land Resources and Resulting Conflict between Farmers and Herdsmen”. Baliff Africa.
Fayinka, F. A. (2004). “Food Security in Nigeria: Challenges under Democratic Dispensation”. Paper Presented At 9th ARMTI Annual Lecture, March 24.
Federal Ministry of Environment, (2008) National Policy on Desertification and Drought. Abuja: Federal Ministry of Environment.
George, M. (2012) “The Libyan crises and the western Sahel: emerging security issues. A publication of the institute for Defence studies and Analysis
Governor Suswan (2013) Fulani herdsmen not responsible for killings in Benue” Premium Times, December 29
Gundu A. Z. (2012). “Tackling the nomadic challenge in Nigeria”. Feature Article in Nigeria world. www.nigeriaworld.com
Gurr, T. (1970). Why Men Rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Ikumola, D.A. (2010). “The Socio-Economic Implication of Climatic Change, Desert Encroachment and Communal Conflicts in Northern Nigeria”. Being a Research Paper Presented at the 250th Anniversary Conference of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters (Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab, DKNVS) On Climate Change and Security.
Iro, I. (1994).”Grazing Reserve Development: A Panacea to the Intractable Strife between Farmers and Herders”,
Jibo, M, Simbine, A and Galadima, H. (2001). Ethnic groups and conflicts in Nigeria: Vol. 4, The North central zone of Nigeria. Ibadan: The Lord’s Creations.
Mohammed, B. (2013). Perspectives on the conflicts between farmers and transhumant pastoralists in Nigeria” www.agreatword.com
Nigeria, (2014) Nomad-farmer clashes increase as pasture shrinks” retrieved on 26th June, http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=84761.
Nyako, M. (2014). Suggests solutions to clashes between herdsmen, farmers” Premium Times, April 5
Odoh, S.I and Chigozie C. F (2012). “Climate change and conflict Nigeria: A theoretical and empirical examination of the worsening incidence of conflict between Fulani herdsmen and farmers in northern Nigeria”. Arabian journal of Business and management review (OMAN Chapter) Vol. 2, No 1, August.
Omaliko, C., Mammah, O and Agbakoba, A. (1984) "Some Aspects of Rangeland Improvement in a Derived Savannah Ecosystem." Journal of Range Management 37 (September). Pp 415-419.
Salisu, S. (2014) “Fulani herdsmen: villains or victims? Nigerian Tribune, April 30th
Suswan, G. (2013). Fulani herdsmen not responsible for killings in Benue” Premium Times, December 29
USAID, (2014). Ending Extreme Poverty in Fragile Contexts. USAID.
Waters-Bayer, A., and Taylor-Powell, E (1986). Population and Land Use in the Sub-humid Zone of Nigeria. In Livestock Systems Research in Nigeria's Sub-humid Zone: Proceedings of a second I.L.C.A./N.A.P.R.I. symposium held in Kaduna, Nigeria, October 29-November 4, 1984, edited by R. von Kaufmann, S. Charter, and R. Blench, 37-58. Addis Ababa: I.L.C.A.
World Bank, (2014). Micro-level Conflict analysis in five states of north eastern Nigeria. Washington: The World Bank.