Heavy Metal and Mineral Contents of Centrosema pubescens and Pueraria phaseoloides used as Phytoremediators in Crude Oil Polluted Soil.
Main Article Content
Abstract
The effect of crude oil polluted soil on the heavy metal content and mineral composition of Centrosema pubescens and Pueraria phaseoloides was investigated the experiment was a factorial (2x4) arrangement in a completely randomized design (CRD). Factors and levels were the two legumes (C. pubescens, P. phaseoloides) and crude oil concentration (volume/weight) in the soil (0%, 1%, 3% and 4%).Generally, heavy metal presence was significantly high (at P< 0.05) in the treated soil, roots and leaves of the studied plants parts as the level of pollution increased. Copper had the highest increase in concentration at the beginning of the experiment (from 0.13-0.98mg/g) while cadmium had the least (from 0.06-0.41mg/g). Copper concentration in the soil had about 59% reduction at 4%v/w level of pollution in P. phaseoloides grown soil 14Weeks After Planting (WAP). Cadmium was the least reduced (20%) at 4% level of pollution in C. pubescens grown soil. The roots of the studied plants accumulated more heavy metals than the leaves. Lead concentration in P. phaseoloides and C. pubescens roots were 0.28mg/g and 0.31mg/g respectively and 0.20mg and 0.17mg/g in their respective leaves. The observed heavy metal alterations in the plants and soil suggest that they could be used in phytomonitoring and phytoremediation. The Ca, Mg and Na contents in the polluted soil at the beginning (week 0 ) of the experiment increased, and reduced 14 weeks after planting (WAP) while P, K and N reduced as the pollution increased at the beginning of the experiment but increased in soil content at the end of the experiment. This study has demonstrated that crude oil contamination of soil had high significant effect by altering the mineral component of the studied plants. The result will serve as possible information necessary in agricultural decisions.
Article Details
Section
Articles
References
A.O.A.C. (2003). Official method of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists,17th Edition, Arlington, Virginia.
Adeboye, M. K. A., Iwuafor, E. N. O. and Agbenin, J. O. (2005). Effects of legumes on soil nitrogen, yield and N2 use efficiency of succeeding maize in guinea savannah alfisol, Nigerian Journal of Soil and Environmental Research,6: 9-21.
Adesina, G. O. and Adelasoye, K. A. (2014).Effect of crude oil pollution on heavy metal contents, microbial population in soil, and maize and cowpea growth. Agricultural Sciences, 5: 43-50
Adewole, M. G. and Moyinoluwa, D. A. (2012).Effect of crude oil on the emergence and growth of cowpea in two contrasting soil types from Abeokuta S/W Nigerian .Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 5: 232-239.
Agbogidi, O. M., Eruotor, P. G. and Akparobi, S. O. (2007).Effects of crude oil levels on the growth of maize (Zea mays L). American Journal of Food Technology, 2: 529–535.
Ahmad, I., Hayat, S., Ahmad, A., Inam, A. and Samiullah, I. (2005). Effects of heavy metal on survival of certain groups of indigenous soil microbial population. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 115-121.
Amadi, A., Abbey, S. D. and Nma, A. (1996). Chronic effects of oil spill on soil properties and micro flora of a rainforest ecosystem in Nigeria. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 86, 1-11.
Baishya, M. and Kalita, M. C. (2015). Phytoremediation of crude oil contaminated soil using two local varieties of castor oil plant (Racinus communis). Asian International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biology Sciences, 1173-1182.
Baker, A. J. M., Reeves, R. D. and Hajar, A. S. N. (1994). Heavy metal accumulation and tolerance in British populations of the metallophyte. Thlaspicaerulescens. New Phytology, 127: 61-68.
Bakor, A. S. M., McGraw, S. P., Sodoli, M. D. and Reeves, R. D. (1994).The possibility of insitu heavy metals decontamination of polluted soils using crops of metal accumulating plants. Resource Conserve and Recycle, 2:1-4.
Chaineau, C. H., Morel, J. L. and Oudot, J. (1997). Phytotoxcity and plant uptake of fuel oil hydrocarbon. Environmental Quality, 26: 1478-1483.
Chibuike, G.U. and Obiara, S. C. (2014). Heavy metal polluted soil, effects on plant and bioremediation methods. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 12.
Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR)(1999). Environmental guidelines and standards for the petroleum industry in Nigeria. Ministry of Petroleum Resources, Lagos.
Doust, H. and Omatsola, E. (1990). Niger Delta in: Divergent/Passive Margin Basins. AAPG Memoir, Tusla, USA.239-248.
Dressler, S., Schmidt, M. and Zizka, G. (2014). Centrosema pubescens; African plants – a photo guide, accessed 01/31/2015 at www. Centrosema pubescens.
Edeoga, H. O., Omosun, G. and Ako, C. P. (2007). Trichomes of Momodica species with Calcium oxalate crystals. Environment and Ecology, 25(2): 399-402.
Edeoga, H. O., Omosun, G., Osuagwu, G. G. E. and Emezue, O. O. (2008).Micro morphology of the leaf cuticle in Mimosa species (Leguminoseae - Mimosoideae). Asian Journal of Plant Science, 7(4): 424-426.
Ekundayo, E. O., Emede, J. O. and Osayande D. I. (2001).Effects of crude oil spillage on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). In soils of Mid-Western Nigeria. Plant Food Human Nutrition, 56: 313-324.
Garbisu, C. and Alkorta, I. (2001). Phytoextraction: A cost effective plant-based technology for the removal of metals from the environment. Bioresource Technology, 77: 229-236.
Gill, L. S., Nyawuame, H.G.K. and Ehikhametalor, A. O. (1992). Effect of crude oil on the growth and anatomical feature of Chromolaena odoronta (L). Newsletter, 6: 1-6.
Houba, C., Remade, J., Dubois, D. and Thorez, J. (1983). Factors affecting the concentration of cadmium, zinc, copper and lead in the sediments of the Vesdre River. Water Resources, 17: 1281-1286.
Hunt, J. M. (1996). Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology. W. H Freeman and Company New York, 332.
James, C. S. (1995). Analytical chemistry of foods. Chapman and Hall, London, 64-65.
Keung, W. M. and Van der Mansen L. J. G. (2002). Pureria: The Genus Pureria, 8:1.
Kulke, H. (1995). Nigeria in regional petroleum geology of world part 11.Africa, America, Australia and Antarctica. Gebruder Borntraeger publ., Berlin, 143-172.
Merkel, N., Schultze-kraft, R. and Infante, C. (2005). Assessment of tropical grasses and legumes for phytoremediation of petroleum contaminated soils. Water Air Soil Pollution, 165: 1376-1377.
Mohammed, R. A. A. (2011). Effect of oil refinery sludge on plant growth and soil properties. Research Journal of Environmental Services 5: 187-193.
Nnamani, C. V. and Nwosu, M. O. (2015). Systematic values of foliar anatomical features in some members of Nigerian Clusiaceae. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research C. 15: 23-30.
Nwachukwu, J. I. Oluwole, O. I., Asubiojo, O.I., Filby, R. H., Grimm C.A, and Fitzgeralds, S. (1995). A Geochemical Evaluation of Niger Delta crude oil. A. A. Bakema Publ, Rotterdam 287.
Nwanko, J. N. (1987). Critical analysis of oil spill incidents in Nigerian petroleum industry. Publication of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), 12.
Nworgu, F.C. and Egbunike G. N. (2013). Nutritional potential of Centrosema pubescens, Mimosa invisa and Pueraria phaseoloides leaf meals on growth performance responses of broiler chickens. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 3: 506 509.
Odjegba, V. J. and Sadiq, A.O (2002). Effects of spent Engine oil on growth parameters, chlorophyll and protein levels of Amaranthus hybridis L. Environment 22: 23-28.
Ogbo, M., Zibigha, M. and Odogu, G. (2009). Effect of crude oil on growth of the acid paspalum scrobriculatum L., - phytoremediation potency of the plant. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 3 (9): 129-233.
Oke, O. L. (1967). Nitrogen fixing capacity of Calopogonium and Pureria. Tropical Science, 9: 90-93.
Omosun, G., Edeoga H. O., Markson, A. A. and Madunagu, B. E. (2010). Uptake of lead, Nickel, and copper by three Mucuna species. International Journal of Current Research, 4: 098-103.
Omosun, G., Edeoga, H. O. and Markson, A. A. (2009). Anatomical changes due to crude oil pollution and its heavy metals component in three Mucuna spp. Recent Research in Science and Technology, 1 (6): 264-269.
Omosun, G., Markson, A. A. and Mbanasor O. (2008) Growth and anatomy of Amarathus hybridus as affected by different crude oil concentration. American-Curasian Journal of Scientific Research, 3 (1): 70-74.
Opelu, B. O. (2000). Effects of lead on the performance and nutrient quality of two Cowpea varieties. M.Sc. Thesis, Dept of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Osuagwu, G. G. E. (2010). Effects of fertilizer application and water stress (drought) on the chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum (L) and Gongrone malatifolium. A Ph. Desertation submitted to the Dept. of Biological Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike.
Osuagwu, G.G.E., Edeoga, H. O. and Osuagwu A.N.(2010). Effect of inorganic fertilizer treatment on the mineral and vitamin content of Ocimum gratissimum (L). Nigerian Food Journal, 8.
Pandley B.L. (1987). A study of the effect of Tarmabhasma on experimental gastric ulcers and secretions. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 21: 25-26.
Raskin, I., Smith, R. D. and Salt, D. E. (1997). Phytoremediation of metals using plants to remove pollutants from the environment. Current Opinions in Biotechnology, 8: 221-290.
Raskin, I. and Ensley, B. D. (2000). Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to clean up the Environment. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Rodella, A. A. And Chiou, D. G. (2009). Cu, Zn and Mn mobilization in soil contaminated by metallurgy waste used as micro nutrients source. Common Soil Science Plant Analysis, 2: 191- 195.
Salt, D. E., Blaylock, M., Kumar, P.B.A.N., Dushenkov V., Ensley, B.D.C., and Raskin, L. (1995). Phytoremediation; A novel strategy for removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants.Biotechnology,13: 468-474.
Santos, J. B., Procopio, S. O. and Silva, A. A. (2004). Phytoremediation of the herbicide trifloxysulfuron sodium. Planta Daninha, 22 (2): 323-330.
Sharma, G. K., Chandler, C. and Salemi (1980).Environmental pollution and leaf cuticular variation in Pueraria lobata wild. Annals of Botany, 45: 77-80.
Shukry, W. M., Al-Hausa, G. H. S., Al-Mouk R. M. S. and El- Bendary, M. A (2013). Effects of petroleum crude oil mineral element and soil properties of Jojoba plant (Simmondsi achinensis). Acta-Botanica Hungarica, 117-133.
Singh, R., Gautam, N., Mishra, A. and Gupta, R. (2011). Heavy metals in living systems: An Overview. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 43(3): 246-253.
Smith, B., Stachowisk, M. and Volkenburgh, E. (1989). Cellular processes limiting leaf growth in Plants under hypoxic root stress. Journal of Experimental Botany, 40: 89-94.
Sridhar, B. B. M. and Diehl, S. V. (2005). Anatomical changes due to uptake and accumulation of Zn and Cd in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Environmental and Experimental Botany, 54(2): 131-141.
Thomas, D. (1995). Niger Delta oil production reserves, field size assessed. Oil Gas Journal. 93: 537-540.
Tian, G. (2000).Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. Proceeding of a symposium sponsored by the American Society of Agronomy 137-155.
Udo, E. J. and Oguwale, J. A. (1986).Laboratory manual for the analysis of soil, plants and water samples. 3rd edition, department of crop production, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, 133-152.
Udo, E. J. and Fayemi A. A. A. (1995).The effect of oil pollution on seed germination, growth and nutrient uptake of corn. Journal of Environmental Quality, 4: 537 – 540.
Yadav, S.K. (2010). Heavy metal toxicity in plants. An overview on the role of gluthione and phytochelations in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants. South African Botanica,76: 16-179.
Adeboye, M. K. A., Iwuafor, E. N. O. and Agbenin, J. O. (2005). Effects of legumes on soil nitrogen, yield and N2 use efficiency of succeeding maize in guinea savannah alfisol, Nigerian Journal of Soil and Environmental Research,6: 9-21.
Adesina, G. O. and Adelasoye, K. A. (2014).Effect of crude oil pollution on heavy metal contents, microbial population in soil, and maize and cowpea growth. Agricultural Sciences, 5: 43-50
Adewole, M. G. and Moyinoluwa, D. A. (2012).Effect of crude oil on the emergence and growth of cowpea in two contrasting soil types from Abeokuta S/W Nigerian .Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 5: 232-239.
Agbogidi, O. M., Eruotor, P. G. and Akparobi, S. O. (2007).Effects of crude oil levels on the growth of maize (Zea mays L). American Journal of Food Technology, 2: 529–535.
Ahmad, I., Hayat, S., Ahmad, A., Inam, A. and Samiullah, I. (2005). Effects of heavy metal on survival of certain groups of indigenous soil microbial population. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 115-121.
Amadi, A., Abbey, S. D. and Nma, A. (1996). Chronic effects of oil spill on soil properties and micro flora of a rainforest ecosystem in Nigeria. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 86, 1-11.
Baishya, M. and Kalita, M. C. (2015). Phytoremediation of crude oil contaminated soil using two local varieties of castor oil plant (Racinus communis). Asian International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biology Sciences, 1173-1182.
Baker, A. J. M., Reeves, R. D. and Hajar, A. S. N. (1994). Heavy metal accumulation and tolerance in British populations of the metallophyte. Thlaspicaerulescens. New Phytology, 127: 61-68.
Bakor, A. S. M., McGraw, S. P., Sodoli, M. D. and Reeves, R. D. (1994).The possibility of insitu heavy metals decontamination of polluted soils using crops of metal accumulating plants. Resource Conserve and Recycle, 2:1-4.
Chaineau, C. H., Morel, J. L. and Oudot, J. (1997). Phytotoxcity and plant uptake of fuel oil hydrocarbon. Environmental Quality, 26: 1478-1483.
Chibuike, G.U. and Obiara, S. C. (2014). Heavy metal polluted soil, effects on plant and bioremediation methods. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 12.
Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR)(1999). Environmental guidelines and standards for the petroleum industry in Nigeria. Ministry of Petroleum Resources, Lagos.
Doust, H. and Omatsola, E. (1990). Niger Delta in: Divergent/Passive Margin Basins. AAPG Memoir, Tusla, USA.239-248.
Dressler, S., Schmidt, M. and Zizka, G. (2014). Centrosema pubescens; African plants – a photo guide, accessed 01/31/2015 at www. Centrosema pubescens.
Edeoga, H. O., Omosun, G. and Ako, C. P. (2007). Trichomes of Momodica species with Calcium oxalate crystals. Environment and Ecology, 25(2): 399-402.
Edeoga, H. O., Omosun, G., Osuagwu, G. G. E. and Emezue, O. O. (2008).Micro morphology of the leaf cuticle in Mimosa species (Leguminoseae - Mimosoideae). Asian Journal of Plant Science, 7(4): 424-426.
Ekundayo, E. O., Emede, J. O. and Osayande D. I. (2001).Effects of crude oil spillage on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). In soils of Mid-Western Nigeria. Plant Food Human Nutrition, 56: 313-324.
Garbisu, C. and Alkorta, I. (2001). Phytoextraction: A cost effective plant-based technology for the removal of metals from the environment. Bioresource Technology, 77: 229-236.
Gill, L. S., Nyawuame, H.G.K. and Ehikhametalor, A. O. (1992). Effect of crude oil on the growth and anatomical feature of Chromolaena odoronta (L). Newsletter, 6: 1-6.
Houba, C., Remade, J., Dubois, D. and Thorez, J. (1983). Factors affecting the concentration of cadmium, zinc, copper and lead in the sediments of the Vesdre River. Water Resources, 17: 1281-1286.
Hunt, J. M. (1996). Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology. W. H Freeman and Company New York, 332.
James, C. S. (1995). Analytical chemistry of foods. Chapman and Hall, London, 64-65.
Keung, W. M. and Van der Mansen L. J. G. (2002). Pureria: The Genus Pureria, 8:1.
Kulke, H. (1995). Nigeria in regional petroleum geology of world part 11.Africa, America, Australia and Antarctica. Gebruder Borntraeger publ., Berlin, 143-172.
Merkel, N., Schultze-kraft, R. and Infante, C. (2005). Assessment of tropical grasses and legumes for phytoremediation of petroleum contaminated soils. Water Air Soil Pollution, 165: 1376-1377.
Mohammed, R. A. A. (2011). Effect of oil refinery sludge on plant growth and soil properties. Research Journal of Environmental Services 5: 187-193.
Nnamani, C. V. and Nwosu, M. O. (2015). Systematic values of foliar anatomical features in some members of Nigerian Clusiaceae. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research C. 15: 23-30.
Nwachukwu, J. I. Oluwole, O. I., Asubiojo, O.I., Filby, R. H., Grimm C.A, and Fitzgeralds, S. (1995). A Geochemical Evaluation of Niger Delta crude oil. A. A. Bakema Publ, Rotterdam 287.
Nwanko, J. N. (1987). Critical analysis of oil spill incidents in Nigerian petroleum industry. Publication of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), 12.
Nworgu, F.C. and Egbunike G. N. (2013). Nutritional potential of Centrosema pubescens, Mimosa invisa and Pueraria phaseoloides leaf meals on growth performance responses of broiler chickens. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 3: 506 509.
Odjegba, V. J. and Sadiq, A.O (2002). Effects of spent Engine oil on growth parameters, chlorophyll and protein levels of Amaranthus hybridis L. Environment 22: 23-28.
Ogbo, M., Zibigha, M. and Odogu, G. (2009). Effect of crude oil on growth of the acid paspalum scrobriculatum L., - phytoremediation potency of the plant. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 3 (9): 129-233.
Oke, O. L. (1967). Nitrogen fixing capacity of Calopogonium and Pureria. Tropical Science, 9: 90-93.
Omosun, G., Edeoga H. O., Markson, A. A. and Madunagu, B. E. (2010). Uptake of lead, Nickel, and copper by three Mucuna species. International Journal of Current Research, 4: 098-103.
Omosun, G., Edeoga, H. O. and Markson, A. A. (2009). Anatomical changes due to crude oil pollution and its heavy metals component in three Mucuna spp. Recent Research in Science and Technology, 1 (6): 264-269.
Omosun, G., Markson, A. A. and Mbanasor O. (2008) Growth and anatomy of Amarathus hybridus as affected by different crude oil concentration. American-Curasian Journal of Scientific Research, 3 (1): 70-74.
Opelu, B. O. (2000). Effects of lead on the performance and nutrient quality of two Cowpea varieties. M.Sc. Thesis, Dept of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Osuagwu, G. G. E. (2010). Effects of fertilizer application and water stress (drought) on the chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum (L) and Gongrone malatifolium. A Ph. Desertation submitted to the Dept. of Biological Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike.
Osuagwu, G.G.E., Edeoga, H. O. and Osuagwu A.N.(2010). Effect of inorganic fertilizer treatment on the mineral and vitamin content of Ocimum gratissimum (L). Nigerian Food Journal, 8.
Pandley B.L. (1987). A study of the effect of Tarmabhasma on experimental gastric ulcers and secretions. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 21: 25-26.
Raskin, I., Smith, R. D. and Salt, D. E. (1997). Phytoremediation of metals using plants to remove pollutants from the environment. Current Opinions in Biotechnology, 8: 221-290.
Raskin, I. and Ensley, B. D. (2000). Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to clean up the Environment. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Rodella, A. A. And Chiou, D. G. (2009). Cu, Zn and Mn mobilization in soil contaminated by metallurgy waste used as micro nutrients source. Common Soil Science Plant Analysis, 2: 191- 195.
Salt, D. E., Blaylock, M., Kumar, P.B.A.N., Dushenkov V., Ensley, B.D.C., and Raskin, L. (1995). Phytoremediation; A novel strategy for removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants.Biotechnology,13: 468-474.
Santos, J. B., Procopio, S. O. and Silva, A. A. (2004). Phytoremediation of the herbicide trifloxysulfuron sodium. Planta Daninha, 22 (2): 323-330.
Sharma, G. K., Chandler, C. and Salemi (1980).Environmental pollution and leaf cuticular variation in Pueraria lobata wild. Annals of Botany, 45: 77-80.
Shukry, W. M., Al-Hausa, G. H. S., Al-Mouk R. M. S. and El- Bendary, M. A (2013). Effects of petroleum crude oil mineral element and soil properties of Jojoba plant (Simmondsi achinensis). Acta-Botanica Hungarica, 117-133.
Singh, R., Gautam, N., Mishra, A. and Gupta, R. (2011). Heavy metals in living systems: An Overview. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 43(3): 246-253.
Smith, B., Stachowisk, M. and Volkenburgh, E. (1989). Cellular processes limiting leaf growth in Plants under hypoxic root stress. Journal of Experimental Botany, 40: 89-94.
Sridhar, B. B. M. and Diehl, S. V. (2005). Anatomical changes due to uptake and accumulation of Zn and Cd in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Environmental and Experimental Botany, 54(2): 131-141.
Thomas, D. (1995). Niger Delta oil production reserves, field size assessed. Oil Gas Journal. 93: 537-540.
Tian, G. (2000).Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. Proceeding of a symposium sponsored by the American Society of Agronomy 137-155.
Udo, E. J. and Oguwale, J. A. (1986).Laboratory manual for the analysis of soil, plants and water samples. 3rd edition, department of crop production, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, 133-152.
Udo, E. J. and Fayemi A. A. A. (1995).The effect of oil pollution on seed germination, growth and nutrient uptake of corn. Journal of Environmental Quality, 4: 537 – 540.
Yadav, S.K. (2010). Heavy metal toxicity in plants. An overview on the role of gluthione and phytochelations in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants. South African Botanica,76: 16-179.