Prevalence of Plasmid and Antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from surgical wound infections in Nigeria
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Abstract
The study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial resistance and plasmid DNA profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with clinically diagnosed post- operative surgical wound infections. The research was carried out in university of Benin teaching hospital (UBTH) and Nnamdi Azikiwe university teaching hospital (NAUTH). The work adopted a cross- sectional survey and the sample were obtained using the randomized sampling method. Samples were cultured on MacConkey and blood agar media and incubated anaerobically and aerobically for 24hours. Phenotypic characterization of bacterial isolates was confirmed biochemically. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out by disc diffusion method on Mueller- Hinton agar. There were high prevalence (78% and 85%) of multi drug resistant isolates in UBTH and NAUTH respectively. Cefixime had the highest resistance at 94.0% from both locations followed by augmentin and cefuroxime which resistance ranged from 68.0% to 94.0% and 68.0% to 79.0% respectively. The least resistance were observed in erythromycin and oxacillin with a range of 0.0% to 17.0%. There was high multidrug resistance to isolates obtained from both locations. Plasmid DNA profiling was carried out on all multi drug resistant isolates on agarose gel and photographed using ultraviolet transilluminator. The isolates were positive for plasmid DNA suggesting that plasmids were established in drug resistant P. aeruginosa associated with surgical infections in the study area
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References
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Livermore, D. M (1995). Beta- lactamases in laboratory. Clin. Microb. Rev., 8: 557-584
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Obritsch, M. D., Fish, D. N., Mcharen, R and Jung, R. (2004). National surveillance of Antimicrobial resistance in P. aeruginosa isolate obtained from intensive care unit patients from 1993 to 2002. Antimicrobial agents Chemotherapy, 48: 4606-4610
OIE (2004).Antimicrobial susceptibility and ESBL prevalence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients in the North-West of Pakistan. Science Direct, 35: 1020-1025
Ranjbar, R., Owlia, P., Saderi, H., Bameri, Z., Izdi, M., Jonaidi, N and Moroati, S (2007). Isolation of Clinical Strains of P. aeruginosa harborin different plasmids. Pak. J. Bio. Sci., 10: 3020-3022
Sambrook, J. and Russell, D. W. (2002). A laboratory Manual 3rd ed., New York: Cold spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Coronado. 1.32- 1.44
Sabzuki,E., Leotsinidis, M., Vantarakis, A and Papapetropoulou, M (2005). Comparative typing of pseudomonas species isolated from the aquatic environment in Greece by SDS-PAGE and RAPD analysis. J. Appl. Microb., 99:1191-1203.
Smith, S., Gariyu, O., John, R., Fowora, M., Akinsinde, R and Odeigah, P. (2012). Antimicrobial resistance and Molecular Typing of P. aeruginosa isolated from surgical mounds in Lagos, Nigeria. Acta Medica Iranica, 50: 433- 438
Unan, D. and Gnseren F (2000). The resistance of P. acruginosa strains Isolated from nosocomial infections against various antibiotics. Microbial. Bult.; 34: 255-260.
Yah. S.C., Eghafona, N.O., Oranusi, S. and Abouo, A.M. (2010). Resistance genes among Proteus species in diabetic wounds of patients in the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria. African Journal of Biotechnology; 5: 1757-1762
Zahra, T and Moniri, R (2011). Detection of ESBLs and MDR in Pseudrmonas acruginosa in a tertiary- care teaching hospital. Iran. J. Clin. Infect. Dis.; 6: 18-23
Ahmed, I., Raza, M., Rehman,F. and Ahmad, S. (2012). Comparative antibacterial study of Convolvulus arvensis collected from different areas of Khybere Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. International Journal of Pharmacy; 3: 221-228
Alejandro, B., Maria, T. and German, B. (2013). Successful or Deletious Association in the Bacterua World. Clinical Biology Review. 26:185-230.
Aly, A. (2005). Hospital- Acquired Infection in Burn Unit in Menoufiya University Hospital, Iran
Amuthu, R.P., Murugan, T and Renugu, M.P (2005). Studies on MDR Pseudomonas acruginosa from pediatric population with special references to Extended Spectrum Beta Lactumase. Indian J of Sci and Tech., 2: 6846-6851
Arora, D., Jindal, N., Kumar, R and Romit, M (2011), Emerging Mebwtic Resistance in Pseudomonas challenge. Int. J. Pharm. Pharmaceutical Sci., 3: 1488-1491
Bikandi, J.R., San-Miller, A., Rementia, A. and Geraizar, J. (2004). In silico analysis of incomplete bacterial genome: PCR, AFLP-PCR and endonucleases restriction. Bioinformatics; 20: 798-799
Kirby, W. M., Bauer, A. W., Sherris, J.C and Turck, M (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standard single disc method. Amer. J. Clin. Path., 45:493-496
Carmel, Y. N., Eliopoulos, G. M and Samore, M.H (2007). Antiecedent Treatment with different antibiotic agents. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 8: 802-807
Carmeli, Y. N., Troillet, G., Eliopoulos, G. M and Samore, M. H (1999). Emergence of antibiotic- resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: comparison of risks associated with different Antipseudomonal agents. Antimiorob. Agents chemother., 3: 1379-1382
CLSI (2003). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; sixteen international supplements M2-A10. Wayne, PA: Clinical and LaboratoryStandards Institute
Cowan, S.T. and Steel, K.S. (1993). Manual for the identification of Medical Bacteria. Cambridge University Press, London
Eduardo, L., Airton, D. F., Jonas, P and Pedro, A (2008). Prevalence of arterial surgery. Journal. Vascular Brasileiro. Vol 7. No. 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/51677- 54492- 008000-30009
Enabulele, 1.O., Yah, S. C., Yusuf, E .O and Eghafona, N.O (2006). Emerging quinolone resistant transfer genus among Gram-negative bacteria isolated from faces of HIV/AIDS patients attending some clinics and hospitals in the city of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria. Online Journal health and Allied Science, 3(3) http://www.ojhas.org/issue 19/2006-3-3htm.
Fontana, R., Cornaglia, G., Ligozzi, M and Mazzariol, A (2000) The final goal: Penicillin- binding proteins and the target of cephalosporins. Clin. Microb. Infect., 6: 34-40
Gad, G.F., El- Domany, R. A., Zaki, S and Ashour, H. M. (2007). Characterization of Pseudomonas acruginosa Isolated From clinical and environmental samples in Minia, Egypt: Prevalence, Antibiogram and Resistance mechanisms. J. Antimicrob. Chemotherapy, 60: 1010 – 1017
Gibb, A. P., Tribuddharat, C., Mooro, R.A., Louie, T. J., Krulicki, W., Livermore, D.M., Palepou, M. F. I and Woodford, N. (2002). Nosocomial outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a new allel. J. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 46:255-258
Hajia, M., Qorbanalizadehgan, M., Rahbar, M and Izadi, M.(2008) laboratory evaluation of Iranian commercially provided Antibiotic Disks with conventional E- Test for susceptibility testing in three most isolated multi-drug resistant organisms. Internal. J. Microb., 5:1-7
Jombo, G. T., Jonah, P and Ayeni, J.A. (2008). Multiple resistant psendomonas acruginosa in contemporary medical practice: funding from urinary isolates at a Nigerian university teaching hospital, Nig. J. Physio. Sci., 23: 105-109.
Khan, J.A., Igbal, 2., Rahman, S. U., Farzana, K and Khan, A (2008). Prevalence and Resistance Pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa against various antibiotics. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 2: 311-315.
Lee, K., Lim, J.B., Yum, J. H., Yong, D., Chong, Y., Kim, J.M and Livermore, D.H (2002).Casse the containing novel intergrons in metallo-B-Laitamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida isolates disseminated in a Korean hospital. J. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 46:1053-1058.
Livermore, D. M (1995). Beta- lactamases in laboratory. Clin. Microb. Rev., 8: 557-584
Magiorakos, A. P. (2011). Multidrug resistant (MDR), extensively drug resistant (EDR) and Pandrug- 1 resistant (PDR) bacteria in health care settings. Expert Proposal for a standardized International terminology. Available online at www.escmid.org
Micek, S. T., Lloyd, A. E., Ritchie, D. J., Reichley, R. M., Fraser, V. J and Kollef, M. H. (2005). Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection: importance of appropriate treatment. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, 49:1306-1311.
Obritsch, M. D., Fish, D. N., Mcharen, R and Jung, R. (2004). National surveillance of Antimicrobial resistance in P. aeruginosa isolate obtained from intensive care unit patients from 1993 to 2002. Antimicrobial agents Chemotherapy, 48: 4606-4610
OIE (2004).Antimicrobial susceptibility and ESBL prevalence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients in the North-West of Pakistan. Science Direct, 35: 1020-1025
Ranjbar, R., Owlia, P., Saderi, H., Bameri, Z., Izdi, M., Jonaidi, N and Moroati, S (2007). Isolation of Clinical Strains of P. aeruginosa harborin different plasmids. Pak. J. Bio. Sci., 10: 3020-3022
Sambrook, J. and Russell, D. W. (2002). A laboratory Manual 3rd ed., New York: Cold spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Coronado. 1.32- 1.44
Sabzuki,E., Leotsinidis, M., Vantarakis, A and Papapetropoulou, M (2005). Comparative typing of pseudomonas species isolated from the aquatic environment in Greece by SDS-PAGE and RAPD analysis. J. Appl. Microb., 99:1191-1203.
Smith, S., Gariyu, O., John, R., Fowora, M., Akinsinde, R and Odeigah, P. (2012). Antimicrobial resistance and Molecular Typing of P. aeruginosa isolated from surgical mounds in Lagos, Nigeria. Acta Medica Iranica, 50: 433- 438
Unan, D. and Gnseren F (2000). The resistance of P. acruginosa strains Isolated from nosocomial infections against various antibiotics. Microbial. Bult.; 34: 255-260.
Yah. S.C., Eghafona, N.O., Oranusi, S. and Abouo, A.M. (2010). Resistance genes among Proteus species in diabetic wounds of patients in the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria. African Journal of Biotechnology; 5: 1757-1762
Zahra, T and Moniri, R (2011). Detection of ESBLs and MDR in Pseudrmonas acruginosa in a tertiary- care teaching hospital. Iran. J. Clin. Infect. Dis.; 6: 18-23