FACTORS AFFECTING SOME SERUM BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF (WAD) GOATS IN UMUAHIA, SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA
Main Article Content
Abstract
The effects of age and gender on the serum biochemical profile of 160 West African Dwarf (WAD) goats consisting of 80 adults (40 Does and 40 Bucks) and 80 young ones (40 Does-kids and 40 Bucks-kids) were studied. The goats were randomly selected from the flocks of goats in breeding farms located at Umuahia North LGA, Umuahia South LGA and Ikwuano LGA of Abia State and divided into four groups of forty (40) animals each according to their ages and sexes as follows: Groups I, II, III and IV representing the Doe-kid, Buck-kid, Doe and Buck respectively. This study lasted for 90 days. The mean serum globulin concentration was significantly (P<0.05) lower in Doe-kid (1.27±0.21g/dl) compared to Doe (3.93±0.11g/dl) and Buck (3.43±0.31g/dl) but showed no significant variation (P>0.05) when compared to Buck-kid (2.58±0.37g/dl). The mean serum urea concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Buck (28.39±3.73mg/dl) compared to Doe-kid (15.69±2.32mg/dl) but showed no significant difference (P>0.05) when compared to Buck-kid (21.79+0.96mg/dl) and Doe (24.25±4.73mg/dl). The mean total protein was significantly (P<0.05) lower in Buck-kid (5.25±0.31g/dl) compared to Doe-kid (6.47±0.35g/dl), Doe (6.63±0.16g/dl) and Buck (6.33±0.26g/dl). There were no significant variations (P>0.05) in the mean serum concentrations of Albumin, Cholesterol, Creatinine and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) for all the groups. This present findings suggest that the serum concentrations of creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin, ALT, cholesterol and globulin of WAD goat similarly fed, could alter depending on gender and age which have to be taken into consideration for precise interpretation of serum chemistry in this species. In conclusion, this study has reported some serum biochemical values which could serve as baseline information for comparison in conditions of nutrient deficiency, physiological and health status of West African Dwarf goats in South-Eastern Nigeria.
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References
Akraim, F, Milad, I S, Abdulkarim, A A and
Ganem, M. (2008). Wool
characteristics of Libyan Barbary
sheep in north-eastern Libya: I. fiber
diameter and staple length. Retrieved
from;
http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/8/akra201
18.htm.
Alodan, M. A. and Mashaly, M. M. (1999).
Effect of induced molting in laying
hens on production and immune
parameters. Poultry Science, 78(2):
171-177.
Artiss, J.D. and Zak, B. (1997). Measurement
of cholesterol concentration. In: Rifai
N, Warnick, G.R, Dominiczak, M.H,
eds. Handbook of lipoprotein testing.
Washington, AACC Press, p 99-114.
Banejee, G. C. (2007). A Textbook of
Animal Husbandry. 8th Edn.
Published by Raju Primlani for
Oxford and IBJ publishing Co. PVT
Ltd, New Delhi Pp 1079.
Borjesson, D L, Christopher, M M. and
Boyce, W M. (2000). Biochemical
and hematologic reference intervals
for free-ranging desert bighorn sheep.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36: 294–
300.
Nweze, Agbonu, Egbuniwe, Ukwueze, Udoh / J Science and Sustain, Technology (2020) 4 (1), 49-57
50
Burtis, C.A. and Ashwood, E.R. (1999). Tietz
Textbook of clinical Chemistry. 3rd
ed. Philadelphia: W.B Saunders
company; p. 1838.
Cetin, N, Bekyurek, T. and Cetin, E. (2009).
Effect of sex, pregnancy and season
on some haematological and
biochemical blood values in Angora
rabbits. Scand. Scandinavian Journal
of Laboratory Animal Sciences,
36(2): 155-162.
Cheesbrough, M. (2009). Clinical chemistry
tests. In: District laboratory practice
in tropical countries. Part 1. Second
edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press. p 358.
Devendra, C. and McLeory, G. A. (1982).
Goat and sheep production in the
tropics. Longman Singapore
Publishers Ltd, pp 178-180.
Dubreuil, P., Arsenault, J. and Belanger, D.
(2005). Biochemical Reference
Ranges for Groups of Ewes of
Different Veterinary Record, 156:
636-638.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.156.20.6
36
Esonu, B. O., Emenalom, O. O., Udedebie,
A. B. I., Herbet, U. Ekpor, C. F.,
Okolie I. C. and Iheukwumere, F. C.
(2001). Performance and Blood
Chemistry of Weaner Pigs Fed Raw
Mucuna (Velvet Bean). Tropical
Animal Production Investigations, 4:
49-54.
Forlan, R. L., Macari, M., Malheiros, R. D.,
Moraes, V. M. B. and Malheiros, E.B.
(1999). Effect of age and strain on
haematology and blood-biochemical
parameters in broiler chickens.
Revista Brasileira de Ciencia
Avicola, 1(2): 117-122.
Gall, C. (1996). Goat breeds of the world.
CTA-Margraf, Weikersheim,
Germany. Pp 186
Ghergariu, S., Rowlands, G. J, Danielescu,
A. L, Pop, N. and Moldova, A.
(1984). A comparative study of
metabolic profiles obtained in dairy
herds in Romania. British Veterinary
Journal, 140: 600-608.
Johnson, A.M., Rohlfs, E.M. and Silverman,
L.M. (1999). Proteins. In: Burtis C.A,
Ashwood E.R, editors. Tietz
Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. 3rd
ed. Philadelphia: W.B Saunders
Company; p. 477-540.
Kamalu, T. N., Sheffy, S. N. and Nair, S. G.
(1988). Biochemistry of Blood of
West African dwarf Goats. Tropical
Veterinary, 6: 2-5.
Kaneko, J J. (1989). Clinical biochemistry of
domestic animals. 4th ed., Academic
Press Inc., San Diego.
Kaushish, S. K. and Arora, K. L. (1977).
Studies on reproduction in sheep:
Blood and plasma contents before and
after parturition in Nali sheep. Haryna
Veterinarian, 16(2): 74-77.
Keser, O. and Bilal, T. (2008). Effect of
different dietary crude protein levels
on performance, N digestibility and
some blood parameters in kivircik
lambs. Acta Veterinaria (Beograd),
58: 87-498.
Khan, K.H. (2013). Effect of sex on some
growth performance and blood
parameters of Hamdani lambs. AlAnbar Journal of Veterinary Science,
6: 101- 106.
Khan, M.Z., Szarek, J., Koncicki, A. and
Krasnodebska-Depta, A. (1994). Oral
administration of monensin and lead
to broiler chicks: effect on
55
Nweze, Agbonu, Egbuniwe, Ukwueze, Udoh / J Science and Sustain, Technology (2020) 4 (1), 49-57
51
haematological and biochemical
parameters. Acta Veterinaria
Hungarica, 42(1): 111-120.
Kral, L. and Suchy, P. (2000).
Haematological studies in adolescent
breeding Cocks. Acta. Veterinaria
Brno, 69: 189-194.
Lamosova, D., Macajova M., and Zeman, M.
(2004). Effects of short term fasting
on selected physiological functions in
adult male and female Japanese quail.
Acta Veterinaria Brno, 73(1): 9-16.
Mabruka, S.S. (2014). Effect of gender on
some plasma biochemical parameters
of sheep from Southern Al Jabal Al
Akhdar in Libya. Journal of
American Science, 10(8): 74-77.
Mbassa, G.K. and Poulsen, J.S.D. (2003).
Reference ranges for clinical
chemical values in Landrace goats.
Small Ruminant Research, 10: 133-
142.
Moss, D.W. and Henderson, R. (1999).
Clinical enzymology. In: Burtis C.A,
Ashwood E.R. eds. Tietz textbook of
clinical chemistry. 3rd ed.
Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders
Company, p. 617-721.
Newman, D.J. and Price, C.P. (1999). Renal
function and nitrogen metabolites. In:
Burtis, C.A, Ashwood, E.R, editors.
Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B
Saunders Company; p. 1204-1270.
Obi, T. U. and Anosa, V. O. (1980).
Haemotological Studies of Domestic
animals in Nigeria. IV: Clinicohaematoglogical features of Bovine
Trypanosomiasis, Theileriosis,
Anaplasmosis Eperythrozoonosis and
Helminthiasis. Zentra /b/
Veterinaries, 27: 789-797.
Oduye, O. O and Otesile, E. B. (1977).
Studies on the Canine Anaemia in
Ibadan. Journal of Small Animal
Practice, 18: 429-443.
Oduye, O. O. and Adadevoh, B. K. (1976).
Biochemical values of apparently
Normal Nigerian Sheep. Nigeria
Veterinary Journal, 5(1): 43-50.
Oguz, H., Kececi, T., Birdane, Y.O., Onder,
F., and Kurtoglu, V. (2000). Effect of
Clinicoptilolite on serum biochemical
and haematogical characters of
broiler chickens during aflatoxicosis.
Research in Veterinary Science,
69(1): 89-93.
Oladele, S. B., Ayo J. O, Ogundipe, S. O.,
Esievo, K. A. N. (2005). Seasonal and
sex variations in packed cell volume,
haemoglobin and total protein of the
guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) in
Zaria, Northern Guinea Savannah
Zone of Nigeria. Journal of Tropical
Biosciences, 5(2): 67-71.
Oladele, S.B., Ayo, J.O., Esievo, K.A.N. and
Ogundipe, S.O. (2000). Effect of
season and sex on packed cell
volume, haemoglobin and total
protein of indigenous chickens in
Zaria, Nigeria. Journal of Medical
and Allied Science, 3: 173-177.
Oladele, S.B., Ayo, J.O., Esievo, K.A.N. and
Ogundipe, S.O. (2001a). Seasonal
and sex variations in packed cell
volume, haemoglobin and total
protein of indigenous duck in Zaria,
Nigeria. Journal of Tropical
Bioscience, 1(1): 84-88.
Oladele, S.B., Ogundipe, S., Ayo, J.O. and
Esievo, K.A.N. (2001b). Effects of
season and sex on packed cell
volume, haemoglobin and total
protein of indigenous pigeons in
56
Nweze, Agbonu, Egbuniwe, Ukwueze, Udoh / J Science and Sustain, Technology (2020) 4 (1), 49-57
52
Zaria, Northern Nigeria. Veterinarski
Arhiv, 71(5): 277-286.
Opara, M N, Udevi, N and Okoli, I C. (2010).
Haematological Parameters and
Blood Chemistry Of Apparently
Healthy West African Dwarf (WAD)
Goats In Owerri, South Eastern
Nigeria. New York Science Journal,
3: 68-72.
Patodkar, V.R, Somkuwar, A.P, Sushant P,
and Nilesh Khade. (2010).”Influence
of sex on certain biochemical
parameters in Normadic carmels
camelus dromedaries in
Maharashtra” Veterinary World,
3(3): 115-117.
Ramprabhu, R, Chellapandian, M,
Balachandran, S. and Rajeswar, J J.
(2010). Influence of age and sex on
blood parameters of Kanni goat in
Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Small
Ruminant, 16: 84-89.
Steel, R. G. D. and Torrie, J. H. (1980).
Principles and procedures of
statistics, Second Edition, New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Stockham, S. L. and Scott, M. A. (2008).
Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical
Pathology. 2nd ed. Ames (I.A):
Blackwell Publishing, Iowa, USA.
Taiwo, V.O. and Ogunsami, A.O. (2003).
Haematological, plasma, whole blood
and erythrocyte biochemical values
of clinically healthy captive reared
grey duiker (Sylviccapra grimmia)
and West African Dwarf sheep and
goats in Ibadan, Nigeria. ISr Journal
of Veterinary Medicine, 58(1): 1-6.
Tambuwal, F. M., Agaie, B.M. and Bangana,
A. (2002). Haematological and
Biochemical Values of apparently
healthy Red Sokoto goats. Proceeding
of 27th Annual Conference Nigerian
Society of Animal Production
(NSAP), March, 17-21, 2002, FUTA.
Akure, Nigeria. Pp. 50-53.
Trans, B., Inal, F., Bas A. L., Altunok, V.,
Elmas M., and Yazar, E., (2002).
Effects of continuous
supplementations of ascorbic acid,
aspirin, Vitamin E and selenium on
some haematological parameters and
serum superoxide dismutase level in
broiler chicken. Bristish Poultry
Science, 41(5): 664-666.
Vecerek, V., Strakova, E., Suchy, P. and
Voslaravo, E. (2002). Influence of
high environmental temperature on
production, haematological and
biochemical indices in broiler
chickens. Zech Journal of Animal
Science, 47(5): 176-182.
Vihan, V. S. and Rai, P. (1987). Certain
haematological and Biochemical
attributes during pregnancy,
parturition and post-paturition
periods in sheep and goats. Indian
Journal of Animal Sciences 57(11),
1200-1204.
Wilson, R. T. (1991). Small Ruminant
production and the Small Ruminant
Genetic Resource in tropical Africa.
Food and Agricultural Organization.
PP. 106-114. ISBN 978-92-5-
102998-5.
Xie, L., Xu, F., Liu, S., Ji, Y., Zhou, Q. and
Xie, P. (2013). Age and sex-Based
Haematological and Biochemical
parameters for Macaca Fascicularis.
PLOS ONE, 8(6), e64892, doi
10.1371/journal.pone.0064892.
Ganem, M. (2008). Wool
characteristics of Libyan Barbary
sheep in north-eastern Libya: I. fiber
diameter and staple length. Retrieved
from;
http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/8/akra201
18.htm.
Alodan, M. A. and Mashaly, M. M. (1999).
Effect of induced molting in laying
hens on production and immune
parameters. Poultry Science, 78(2):
171-177.
Artiss, J.D. and Zak, B. (1997). Measurement
of cholesterol concentration. In: Rifai
N, Warnick, G.R, Dominiczak, M.H,
eds. Handbook of lipoprotein testing.
Washington, AACC Press, p 99-114.
Banejee, G. C. (2007). A Textbook of
Animal Husbandry. 8th Edn.
Published by Raju Primlani for
Oxford and IBJ publishing Co. PVT
Ltd, New Delhi Pp 1079.
Borjesson, D L, Christopher, M M. and
Boyce, W M. (2000). Biochemical
and hematologic reference intervals
for free-ranging desert bighorn sheep.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36: 294–
300.
Nweze, Agbonu, Egbuniwe, Ukwueze, Udoh / J Science and Sustain, Technology (2020) 4 (1), 49-57
50
Burtis, C.A. and Ashwood, E.R. (1999). Tietz
Textbook of clinical Chemistry. 3rd
ed. Philadelphia: W.B Saunders
company; p. 1838.
Cetin, N, Bekyurek, T. and Cetin, E. (2009).
Effect of sex, pregnancy and season
on some haematological and
biochemical blood values in Angora
rabbits. Scand. Scandinavian Journal
of Laboratory Animal Sciences,
36(2): 155-162.
Cheesbrough, M. (2009). Clinical chemistry
tests. In: District laboratory practice
in tropical countries. Part 1. Second
edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press. p 358.
Devendra, C. and McLeory, G. A. (1982).
Goat and sheep production in the
tropics. Longman Singapore
Publishers Ltd, pp 178-180.
Dubreuil, P., Arsenault, J. and Belanger, D.
(2005). Biochemical Reference
Ranges for Groups of Ewes of
Different Veterinary Record, 156:
636-638.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.156.20.6
36
Esonu, B. O., Emenalom, O. O., Udedebie,
A. B. I., Herbet, U. Ekpor, C. F.,
Okolie I. C. and Iheukwumere, F. C.
(2001). Performance and Blood
Chemistry of Weaner Pigs Fed Raw
Mucuna (Velvet Bean). Tropical
Animal Production Investigations, 4:
49-54.
Forlan, R. L., Macari, M., Malheiros, R. D.,
Moraes, V. M. B. and Malheiros, E.B.
(1999). Effect of age and strain on
haematology and blood-biochemical
parameters in broiler chickens.
Revista Brasileira de Ciencia
Avicola, 1(2): 117-122.
Gall, C. (1996). Goat breeds of the world.
CTA-Margraf, Weikersheim,
Germany. Pp 186
Ghergariu, S., Rowlands, G. J, Danielescu,
A. L, Pop, N. and Moldova, A.
(1984). A comparative study of
metabolic profiles obtained in dairy
herds in Romania. British Veterinary
Journal, 140: 600-608.
Johnson, A.M., Rohlfs, E.M. and Silverman,
L.M. (1999). Proteins. In: Burtis C.A,
Ashwood E.R, editors. Tietz
Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. 3rd
ed. Philadelphia: W.B Saunders
Company; p. 477-540.
Kamalu, T. N., Sheffy, S. N. and Nair, S. G.
(1988). Biochemistry of Blood of
West African dwarf Goats. Tropical
Veterinary, 6: 2-5.
Kaneko, J J. (1989). Clinical biochemistry of
domestic animals. 4th ed., Academic
Press Inc., San Diego.
Kaushish, S. K. and Arora, K. L. (1977).
Studies on reproduction in sheep:
Blood and plasma contents before and
after parturition in Nali sheep. Haryna
Veterinarian, 16(2): 74-77.
Keser, O. and Bilal, T. (2008). Effect of
different dietary crude protein levels
on performance, N digestibility and
some blood parameters in kivircik
lambs. Acta Veterinaria (Beograd),
58: 87-498.
Khan, K.H. (2013). Effect of sex on some
growth performance and blood
parameters of Hamdani lambs. AlAnbar Journal of Veterinary Science,
6: 101- 106.
Khan, M.Z., Szarek, J., Koncicki, A. and
Krasnodebska-Depta, A. (1994). Oral
administration of monensin and lead
to broiler chicks: effect on
55
Nweze, Agbonu, Egbuniwe, Ukwueze, Udoh / J Science and Sustain, Technology (2020) 4 (1), 49-57
51
haematological and biochemical
parameters. Acta Veterinaria
Hungarica, 42(1): 111-120.
Kral, L. and Suchy, P. (2000).
Haematological studies in adolescent
breeding Cocks. Acta. Veterinaria
Brno, 69: 189-194.
Lamosova, D., Macajova M., and Zeman, M.
(2004). Effects of short term fasting
on selected physiological functions in
adult male and female Japanese quail.
Acta Veterinaria Brno, 73(1): 9-16.
Mabruka, S.S. (2014). Effect of gender on
some plasma biochemical parameters
of sheep from Southern Al Jabal Al
Akhdar in Libya. Journal of
American Science, 10(8): 74-77.
Mbassa, G.K. and Poulsen, J.S.D. (2003).
Reference ranges for clinical
chemical values in Landrace goats.
Small Ruminant Research, 10: 133-
142.
Moss, D.W. and Henderson, R. (1999).
Clinical enzymology. In: Burtis C.A,
Ashwood E.R. eds. Tietz textbook of
clinical chemistry. 3rd ed.
Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders
Company, p. 617-721.
Newman, D.J. and Price, C.P. (1999). Renal
function and nitrogen metabolites. In:
Burtis, C.A, Ashwood, E.R, editors.
Tietz Textbook of Clinical
Chemistry. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B
Saunders Company; p. 1204-1270.
Obi, T. U. and Anosa, V. O. (1980).
Haemotological Studies of Domestic
animals in Nigeria. IV: Clinicohaematoglogical features of Bovine
Trypanosomiasis, Theileriosis,
Anaplasmosis Eperythrozoonosis and
Helminthiasis. Zentra /b/
Veterinaries, 27: 789-797.
Oduye, O. O and Otesile, E. B. (1977).
Studies on the Canine Anaemia in
Ibadan. Journal of Small Animal
Practice, 18: 429-443.
Oduye, O. O. and Adadevoh, B. K. (1976).
Biochemical values of apparently
Normal Nigerian Sheep. Nigeria
Veterinary Journal, 5(1): 43-50.
Oguz, H., Kececi, T., Birdane, Y.O., Onder,
F., and Kurtoglu, V. (2000). Effect of
Clinicoptilolite on serum biochemical
and haematogical characters of
broiler chickens during aflatoxicosis.
Research in Veterinary Science,
69(1): 89-93.
Oladele, S. B., Ayo J. O, Ogundipe, S. O.,
Esievo, K. A. N. (2005). Seasonal and
sex variations in packed cell volume,
haemoglobin and total protein of the
guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) in
Zaria, Northern Guinea Savannah
Zone of Nigeria. Journal of Tropical
Biosciences, 5(2): 67-71.
Oladele, S.B., Ayo, J.O., Esievo, K.A.N. and
Ogundipe, S.O. (2000). Effect of
season and sex on packed cell
volume, haemoglobin and total
protein of indigenous chickens in
Zaria, Nigeria. Journal of Medical
and Allied Science, 3: 173-177.
Oladele, S.B., Ayo, J.O., Esievo, K.A.N. and
Ogundipe, S.O. (2001a). Seasonal
and sex variations in packed cell
volume, haemoglobin and total
protein of indigenous duck in Zaria,
Nigeria. Journal of Tropical
Bioscience, 1(1): 84-88.
Oladele, S.B., Ogundipe, S., Ayo, J.O. and
Esievo, K.A.N. (2001b). Effects of
season and sex on packed cell
volume, haemoglobin and total
protein of indigenous pigeons in
56
Nweze, Agbonu, Egbuniwe, Ukwueze, Udoh / J Science and Sustain, Technology (2020) 4 (1), 49-57
52
Zaria, Northern Nigeria. Veterinarski
Arhiv, 71(5): 277-286.
Opara, M N, Udevi, N and Okoli, I C. (2010).
Haematological Parameters and
Blood Chemistry Of Apparently
Healthy West African Dwarf (WAD)
Goats In Owerri, South Eastern
Nigeria. New York Science Journal,
3: 68-72.
Patodkar, V.R, Somkuwar, A.P, Sushant P,
and Nilesh Khade. (2010).”Influence
of sex on certain biochemical
parameters in Normadic carmels
camelus dromedaries in
Maharashtra” Veterinary World,
3(3): 115-117.
Ramprabhu, R, Chellapandian, M,
Balachandran, S. and Rajeswar, J J.
(2010). Influence of age and sex on
blood parameters of Kanni goat in
Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Small
Ruminant, 16: 84-89.
Steel, R. G. D. and Torrie, J. H. (1980).
Principles and procedures of
statistics, Second Edition, New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Stockham, S. L. and Scott, M. A. (2008).
Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical
Pathology. 2nd ed. Ames (I.A):
Blackwell Publishing, Iowa, USA.
Taiwo, V.O. and Ogunsami, A.O. (2003).
Haematological, plasma, whole blood
and erythrocyte biochemical values
of clinically healthy captive reared
grey duiker (Sylviccapra grimmia)
and West African Dwarf sheep and
goats in Ibadan, Nigeria. ISr Journal
of Veterinary Medicine, 58(1): 1-6.
Tambuwal, F. M., Agaie, B.M. and Bangana,
A. (2002). Haematological and
Biochemical Values of apparently
healthy Red Sokoto goats. Proceeding
of 27th Annual Conference Nigerian
Society of Animal Production
(NSAP), March, 17-21, 2002, FUTA.
Akure, Nigeria. Pp. 50-53.
Trans, B., Inal, F., Bas A. L., Altunok, V.,
Elmas M., and Yazar, E., (2002).
Effects of continuous
supplementations of ascorbic acid,
aspirin, Vitamin E and selenium on
some haematological parameters and
serum superoxide dismutase level in
broiler chicken. Bristish Poultry
Science, 41(5): 664-666.
Vecerek, V., Strakova, E., Suchy, P. and
Voslaravo, E. (2002). Influence of
high environmental temperature on
production, haematological and
biochemical indices in broiler
chickens. Zech Journal of Animal
Science, 47(5): 176-182.
Vihan, V. S. and Rai, P. (1987). Certain
haematological and Biochemical
attributes during pregnancy,
parturition and post-paturition
periods in sheep and goats. Indian
Journal of Animal Sciences 57(11),
1200-1204.
Wilson, R. T. (1991). Small Ruminant
production and the Small Ruminant
Genetic Resource in tropical Africa.
Food and Agricultural Organization.
PP. 106-114. ISBN 978-92-5-
102998-5.
Xie, L., Xu, F., Liu, S., Ji, Y., Zhou, Q. and
Xie, P. (2013). Age and sex-Based
Haematological and Biochemical
parameters for Macaca Fascicularis.
PLOS ONE, 8(6), e64892, doi
10.1371/journal.pone.0064892.