Antibacterial and Phytochemical Screening of Aqueous and Methanol Extracts of Piliostigma thonningii
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Abstract
The antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of leaves of Piliostigma thonningii collected within the campus of the Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, was investigated against four clinical bacterial isolates (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica Type Typhi) and four Type Culture organisms (Staphylococcus aureus subsp. Aureus(ATCC® 25923™), Escherichia coli (ATCC® 25922™), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC® 27853™) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC® 7080™) using the disc agar diffusion technique to determine the diameter zone of inhibition and the broth dilution assay for the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The methanol extract produced inhibition zone of 6mm at 2000µg/disc against Staphylococcus aureus and the aqueous extract produced inhibition zone of 6mm against Salmonella enterica Type Typhi at 2000µg/disc. The two extracts did not produce any inhibition against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. However, the aqueous and methanol extracts produced a mean diameter zone of inhibition of 8mm, respectively, against E. coli(ATCC® 25922™)at a concentration of 2000µg/disc. The methanol extract also inhibited P. aeruginosa (ATCC® 27853™) with 6mm diameter zone of inhibition. The MIC and MBC values against the sensitive organisms ranged from 1000 to >1000(μg/mL). Phytochemical screening of the powdered plant material indicated the presence of alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, tannin and phenol. The antibacterial activity of the aqueous and methanol extracts of the leaves of P. thonningii observed in this study against the test organisms was low and variable at the concentrations tested. The in-vitro method used here did not provide an unequivocal scientific validation in support of the use of this medicinal plant as an antibacterial remedy in traditional medical practice. Future study may explore the in-vivo assay methods.
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References
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