The high level of resistance of nalidixic acid and tetracycline as observed from isolates from food animals in this study reaffirms the need to strengthen the collaboration between veterinary and public health sectors on appropriate detection and reportin
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Abstract
The study was aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial resistance patterns and profile of Salmonella isolated from poultry farms in Abia and Imo State. A total of 2020 samples were randomly collected from egg, cloacal swab and chicken litter and comprise1420 from Abia and 600 from Imo states, respectively. Disc diffusion method was used for the antibiotic sensitivity test. Eleven different antibiotics were used for the study. Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) was used as enrichment broth at 42OC while MacConkey and deoxycholate agar were used as selective media for isolation. The Salmonella isolation rate in Abia and Imo states were 1.97% and 2.00% respectively. There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the Salmonella isolation rate in Abia and Imo States. Ciprofloxacin, cephtriaxone and levofloxacine were least resistance to the Salmonella isolates at 0.0%, 0.0% and 7.7% while ampicillin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline were the most resisted by 100%, 100%, 91 and 87.5% respectively......
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References
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Cardoso, M. O., Ribeiro, A. R., Santos, L. R., Pilotto, F., Moraes, H. I. S., Salle, C. T. P., Rocha, S. L. S. and Nascimento, V. P. (2006). Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from broiler carcasses. Brazillian Journal of Microbiology; 37:368-371.
Caraminana, J. J., Rota, C., Augustin, I and Herreva, A. (2004). High prevalence of multiple resistance to antibiotics in Salmonella serovars isolated from a poultry slaughter house in Spain. Veterinary Microbiology; 104:133-139.
Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (2014). A model for laboratory services. GP 26-A4. Laboratory medicine; 1(46): 26.
Deekshit, V. K., Kumar, B. K., Rai, P., Srikumar, S and Karumsagar, I. (2012). Detection of class 1 integrons genes in Salmonella Weltevredon and silent antibiotic resistance genes in some seafood-associated non-typhiodal isolates in south-west coast of India. Journal of Applied Microbiology; 112:1113-1122.
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Jones, F. T and Ricke, S. C. (2003). Observation on the history of the development of antimicrobials and their use in poultry feeds. Poultry Science; 82: 613-617.
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Nde, W. C. and Logne, C. M. (2007). Characterization of antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence gene of Salmonella serovars collected at a commercial turkey processing plant. Journal of Applied Microbiology; 104:215-223.
Nogueira, M. S., Nascimento, A. M and Chartone-Souza, E. (1999). A cao de produtos naturalis na inibicao do crescimento bacteria e do floxo genico e na origem de mutantes resistance. Genetics and Molecular Biology; 22:431-432.
OIE Manuel, (1996). OIE Manuel part 2: Pullorum Disease and Fowl typhoid in OIC Manuel Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animal, 4th Edition Paris, France
Quinn, P. J., Cartar, M. E., Markey, B and Cartar G. R. (2001). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. Mosty – year Book Europe Ltd, London, pp 120-121.
Smith, S. I., Fowora, M. A., Goodluck, H. A., Nwaokorie, F. O., Aboaba, O. O and Opere, B. (2011). Molecular typing of Salmonella spp isolated from food handlers and animals in Nigeria. International Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Genetics; 2:73-77.
Suresh, T. Hetha, A. A., Sreenivasan, M. D. Sangetha, N and Lashmanaperumulsamy, P. (2006). Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enteritidis and other Salmonellain the eggs and egg-storing trays from retail markets of Coimbatore, south India. Food Microbiology; 23:294:299.
Sultan, S., Guyatt, G. and Oxmin, A. D. (1992). Grade guidelines making an overall ratings of confidence in effect estimates for a single outcome and for all outcomes. Journal Clinical Epidemiology; 66:151-157
Tollefson, L., Altekruse, F. S and Potter, M. E. (1997). Therapeutic anti-biotics in animal feeds and antibiotic resistance. Revue Scientifique et Technique; 16: 709-715.
USFDA, (2004). USFDA, (2004).Class II special controls guidance document:
www.fda.gov/veterinary/default.ht
Vazquez, N. J. Cordoba, B. C., Lopez, N. Y and Mancera, M. A. (2005). Identification del gene da la integrassa tipo ly perfil da Resistencia antimicrobiana em Salmonella enteridis. Cuajimalpa (cited 2005), Nov 24). Available from: www.vet-uy.com/articulos/arti-micro/001/micro001.htm.
Wegener, H. C., Bager, F and Aarestrup, F. M. (1997). Vigilancia da Resistencia aos antimicrobianos no homem, nos produtos alimentares e no gado na Dinamarca. Eurosurveillance; 3:17-19.
Zancan, F. T., Berchieri, J. A. Fernandes, A. S and Gama, N. M. (2000). Salmonella investigation in transport boxes of day old birds. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology; 31:230-232.
Zhao, S., McDermott, F., Friedman, S., Abott, J., Ayers, S., Glenn, A., Hall Robinson, E., Hubert, S., Harbottles, H., Walker, D., Chiller, M and White, G. (2007). Antimicrobial resistance ad genetic relatedness among Salmonella from retail foods of animal origin: NARMS retail meat surveillance. Foodborne Disease; 3:106-117.
Bagessen, D. L., Sandrang, D. and Aarestrup, F. M. (2000). Characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT 104 isolated from Denmark and comparison with isolates from Europe and the United States. Journal Clinical Microbiology; 13:1581:1586
Berchieri, A., Murphy, C. K and Barrow, P. A. (2001). Observatio on the persisitence and vertical transmission of Salmonella enterica serovars Pullorum and Gallinarum in chickens: effect of bacterial and host genetic background. Avian Pathology; 30:221-231.
Cardoso, M. O., Ribeiro, A. R., Santos, L. R., Pilotto, F., Moraes, H. I. S., Salle, C. T. P., Rocha, S. L. S. and Nascimento, V. P. (2006). Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from broiler carcasses. Brazillian Journal of Microbiology; 37:368-371.
Caraminana, J. J., Rota, C., Augustin, I and Herreva, A. (2004). High prevalence of multiple resistance to antibiotics in Salmonella serovars isolated from a poultry slaughter house in Spain. Veterinary Microbiology; 104:133-139.
Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (2014). A model for laboratory services. GP 26-A4. Laboratory medicine; 1(46): 26.
Deekshit, V. K., Kumar, B. K., Rai, P., Srikumar, S and Karumsagar, I. (2012). Detection of class 1 integrons genes in Salmonella Weltevredon and silent antibiotic resistance genes in some seafood-associated non-typhiodal isolates in south-west coast of India. Journal of Applied Microbiology; 112:1113-1122.
Fashae, K., Ogunsola, F., Aerestrip, F. M and Hendiksen, R. S. (2010). Antimicrobial susceptibility and serovars of Salmonella from chickens and human in Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Infectious Diseases; 4:484-494.
Foley, S.C. and Lynne, A. M. (2008).Food animal associated Salmonella. Immunology and Medical Microbiology; 43: 1-11
Goldstein, C., Lee, M. D. Sanchez, S., Hilson, C., Philips, B., Reqister, B., Grady, M., Liebert, C., Summers, A. O., White, D. G and Murer, J. J. (2004). Incidence of class 1 and 2 integrases in clinical and commensal bacterial from livestock and chemotherapy. Revista Medica de Chile;132:619-620.
Gonzalez, G.R., Sossa, K., Mella,S.M., Zemelman, R.Z., Bello, H.T. and Dominguez, M.Y. (2004). Intergrons Y cassettes genetics de reasistance: estructura Y roll frente A Los Antibacterianos Revista Medicade Chile; 132:619-62
Holt, K. E., Thomson, N. R. Wain, J., Phan, M. D., Hair, S., Hassan, R., Bhutta, Z., Quail, M. A. and Parkhill, J. (2007). Multidrug resistant Salmonella enteric serovar Paratyphi A harbors Inc Hill Plasmids Similar to those found in Serovar typhi. Journal of Bacteriology; 189:4246-4257.
Jones, F. T and Ricke, S. C. (2003). Observation on the history of the development of antimicrobials and their use in poultry feeds. Poultry Science; 82: 613-617.
Kirby, W.M.M., Bauer, A.W., Sherris, J.C. and Turk, M. (1966). Antibiotic Susceptibility testing by a standardized single disc method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology; 45: 493-496.
Lee, L. A., Puhr, N. D., Maloney, E. K., Bean, N. H and Tauxe, R. V. (2007). Increase in antimicrobial resistant Salmonella infections in United States. Journal of Infectious Diseases; 170:128-134.
Lee, Y.J., Kim,S.K., Kwon,K.Y. and Tak, R.B. (2003). Biochemical Characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Gallinarum isolated in Korea. Journal of Veterinary Science; 4: 161-166
Logue, A., Abraham, A., Iosssifidou, E.G. and Soultos, N.D. (2003). Antimicrobial resistance profile in Salmonella spp and Escherichia coli isolates from turkey samples in northern Greece. Annual of Microbiology 62: 623-628
Molbuk, K. P., Gerner, Sand Wegener, H. C. (2002). Increasing quinolone resistance in Salmonella enteric serotype Enteritidis. Emerging Infectious Diseases; 8:514-515.
Mulvey, M. R., Boyd, D. A., Olsen, A. B., Doublet, B.A and Cloeckaert, A. (2006). The genetics of Salmonella genomic Island. International Microbial Infection; 8:1915-1922.
Nde, W. C. and Logne, C. M. (2007). Characterization of antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence gene of Salmonella serovars collected at a commercial turkey processing plant. Journal of Applied Microbiology; 104:215-223.
Nogueira, M. S., Nascimento, A. M and Chartone-Souza, E. (1999). A cao de produtos naturalis na inibicao do crescimento bacteria e do floxo genico e na origem de mutantes resistance. Genetics and Molecular Biology; 22:431-432.
OIE Manuel, (1996). OIE Manuel part 2: Pullorum Disease and Fowl typhoid in OIC Manuel Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animal, 4th Edition Paris, France
Quinn, P. J., Cartar, M. E., Markey, B and Cartar G. R. (2001). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. Mosty – year Book Europe Ltd, London, pp 120-121.
Smith, S. I., Fowora, M. A., Goodluck, H. A., Nwaokorie, F. O., Aboaba, O. O and Opere, B. (2011). Molecular typing of Salmonella spp isolated from food handlers and animals in Nigeria. International Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Genetics; 2:73-77.
Suresh, T. Hetha, A. A., Sreenivasan, M. D. Sangetha, N and Lashmanaperumulsamy, P. (2006). Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enteritidis and other Salmonellain the eggs and egg-storing trays from retail markets of Coimbatore, south India. Food Microbiology; 23:294:299.
Sultan, S., Guyatt, G. and Oxmin, A. D. (1992). Grade guidelines making an overall ratings of confidence in effect estimates for a single outcome and for all outcomes. Journal Clinical Epidemiology; 66:151-157
Tollefson, L., Altekruse, F. S and Potter, M. E. (1997). Therapeutic anti-biotics in animal feeds and antibiotic resistance. Revue Scientifique et Technique; 16: 709-715.
USFDA, (2004). USFDA, (2004).Class II special controls guidance document:
www.fda.gov/veterinary/default.ht
Vazquez, N. J. Cordoba, B. C., Lopez, N. Y and Mancera, M. A. (2005). Identification del gene da la integrassa tipo ly perfil da Resistencia antimicrobiana em Salmonella enteridis. Cuajimalpa (cited 2005), Nov 24). Available from: www.vet-uy.com/articulos/arti-micro/001/micro001.htm.
Wegener, H. C., Bager, F and Aarestrup, F. M. (1997). Vigilancia da Resistencia aos antimicrobianos no homem, nos produtos alimentares e no gado na Dinamarca. Eurosurveillance; 3:17-19.
Zancan, F. T., Berchieri, J. A. Fernandes, A. S and Gama, N. M. (2000). Salmonella investigation in transport boxes of day old birds. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology; 31:230-232.
Zhao, S., McDermott, F., Friedman, S., Abott, J., Ayers, S., Glenn, A., Hall Robinson, E., Hubert, S., Harbottles, H., Walker, D., Chiller, M and White, G. (2007). Antimicrobial resistance ad genetic relatedness among Salmonella from retail foods of animal origin: NARMS retail meat surveillance. Foodborne Disease; 3:106-117.