Gross and Histologic Lesions of Infectious Bursal Disease in Unvaccinated Exotic Chickens
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Abstract
This study evaluated the gross and histologic lesions in unvaccinated 7-weeks-old exotic cockerels following an outbreak of infectious bursal disease (IBD). Clinical signs were drowsiness, drop in feed and water consumption, greenish-whitish diarrhoea, prostration followed by death. The outbreak resulted in 100% and 92% mortality from days 1 to 3 post-outbreak. The major gross lesions were distension of kidney tubules, enlargement and haemorrhages of the bursa of Fabricius, skeletal muscles and the proventiculus-gizzard junction. Sections of the organs showed marked necrosis and depletion of lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius and other lymphoid tissues and casts in the renal tubules. IBD was confirmed in bursae samples of affected chickens using agar gel immunodiffusion test. Our results showed that cockerels are highly susceptible to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and the marked clinico-pathological changes indicate that the strain involved in the outbreak may be very virulent IBDV.
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References
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Adamu, J., Owoade, A. A, Abdu, P. A., Kazeem, H. M. and Fatihu, M. Y. (2013). Characterization of field and vaccine infectious bursal disease viruses from Nigeria revealing possible virulence and regional markers in the VP2 minor hydrophilic peaks. Avian Pathology, 42:420 – 433.
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Jackwood, D. J., Sommer-Wagner, S. E., Stoute, A. S, Woolcock, P. R., Crossley, B. M., Hietala, S. K. and Charlton, B. R. (2009). Characteristics of a very virulent infectious bursal disease virus from California. Avian Diseases, 53:592 – 600.
Mahgoub, H. A. (2012). An overview of infectious bursal disease. Archives of Virology, 157:2047 – 2057.
Mbuko, I. J., Abdu, P. A., Sa’idu, L., Oladele, S. B. and Kazeem, H. (2014). Investigation of outbreaks of infectious bursa disease in Zaria, Nigeria. International Journal of Tropical Disease and Health 4: 411 – 426.
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Müller, H., Scholtissek, and H. Becht (1979). Genome of infectious bursal disease virus consists of two segments of double-stranded RNA. Journal of Virology, 31:584-589.
Ojo M . O., Oduye O.O., Noibi L.M. and Idowu A. L. (1973). Gumboro-like disease in Nigeria. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 5:52 – 56.
Okoye, J. O. A. and Uzoukwu, M. (1981). An outbreak of infectious bursal disease among chickens between 16 and 20 weeks old. Avian Diseases 25: 1034 – 1038.
Okoye, J.O.A. and Uzoukwu, M. (1985). The pathogenicity and pathology of a Nigerian isolate of infectious bursal disease virus in chickens. Clinicopathological manifestations of the experimental disease. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 32:253 – 258.
Onunkwo O. (1975). An outbreak of infectious bursal disease (IBD) of chickens in Nigeria. Veterinary Record, 97:433.
Saif, Y. M. (2004). Control of infectious bursal disease virus by vaccination. Developmental Biology (Basel), 119:143 – 146.
Stoute, S. T., Jackwood, D. J., Sommer-Wagner, S. E., Cooper, G. L., Anderson, M. L., Woolcock, P. R., Bickford, A. A., Senties-Cue, C. G. and Charlton, B. R. (2009). The diagnosis of very virulent infectious bursal disease in California pullets. Avian Diseases, 53:321–326.
Toro, H., Effler, J. C., Hoerr, F. J. and van Ginkel, F. W.. (2009). Pathogenicity of infectious bursal disease virus variant AL2 in young chickens. Avian Diseases, 53:78 – 82.
Van den Berg, T. P., Gonze, M. and Meulemans, G. (1991). Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry: isolation and characterisation of a highly virulent strain. Avian Pathology, 20:133 – 143.
Van den Berg, T. P. (2000). Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry: a review. Avian Pathology, 29:175 – 194.
Office International des Epizooties (OIE). (2016). Chapter 2. 3. 12. Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease). In: OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. Version adopted in May, 2016; OIE, Paris, 1 – 21.
Adamu, J., Owoade, A. A, Abdu, P. A., Kazeem, H. M. and Fatihu, M. Y. (2013). Characterization of field and vaccine infectious bursal disease viruses from Nigeria revealing possible virulence and regional markers in the VP2 minor hydrophilic peaks. Avian Pathology, 42:420 – 433.
Duru, S., Saidu, L., Akpan, G.N., Jonathan, G.E, Kabir, M., Olugbemi, T.S, Abdu, S.B, Yashim, S.M., & Hamman, I. (2008). Prevalent disease in local poultry: a case study of Zaria area of Kaduna State. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the Animal Science Association of Nigeria (ASAN) Zaria, Nigeria, p. 683–685.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).(1996). World livestock production systems: Current status, issues and trends. FAO Animal Production & Health Paper No. 127. FAO, Rome.
Cosgrove, A.S. (1962). An apparently new disease of chickens - avian nephrosis. Avian Diseases, 6:385–389.
Eterradossi N. and Saif Y.M. (2013). Chapter 7: Infectious bursal disease. In: Diseases of Poultry, 13th edition, Editor in chief D.E. Swayne, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Ames, Iowa, USA; 219 – 246.
Jackwood, D. J., Sommer-Wagner, S. E., Stoute, A. S, Woolcock, P. R., Crossley, B. M., Hietala, S. K. and Charlton, B. R. (2009). Characteristics of a very virulent infectious bursal disease virus from California. Avian Diseases, 53:592 – 600.
Mahgoub, H. A. (2012). An overview of infectious bursal disease. Archives of Virology, 157:2047 – 2057.
Mbuko, I. J., Abdu, P. A., Sa’idu, L., Oladele, S. B. and Kazeem, H. (2014). Investigation of outbreaks of infectious bursa disease in Zaria, Nigeria. International Journal of Tropical Disease and Health 4: 411 – 426.
National Bureau of Statistics (2011). Agriculture: Domestic Livestock/Poultry Production. In The Review of the Nigerian Economy, 2010 edition (p. 35). http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng
Lukert, P. D, and Saif, Y. M. (1997). Infectious bursal disease In: Calnek, B. W, Barnes, H. J, Beard C. W., McDougald, L. R. and Saif, Y. M, editors. Disease of Poultry. 10th edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.
Müller, H., Scholtissek, and H. Becht (1979). Genome of infectious bursal disease virus consists of two segments of double-stranded RNA. Journal of Virology, 31:584-589.
Ojo M . O., Oduye O.O., Noibi L.M. and Idowu A. L. (1973). Gumboro-like disease in Nigeria. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 5:52 – 56.
Okoye, J. O. A. and Uzoukwu, M. (1981). An outbreak of infectious bursal disease among chickens between 16 and 20 weeks old. Avian Diseases 25: 1034 – 1038.
Okoye, J.O.A. and Uzoukwu, M. (1985). The pathogenicity and pathology of a Nigerian isolate of infectious bursal disease virus in chickens. Clinicopathological manifestations of the experimental disease. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 32:253 – 258.
Onunkwo O. (1975). An outbreak of infectious bursal disease (IBD) of chickens in Nigeria. Veterinary Record, 97:433.
Saif, Y. M. (2004). Control of infectious bursal disease virus by vaccination. Developmental Biology (Basel), 119:143 – 146.
Stoute, S. T., Jackwood, D. J., Sommer-Wagner, S. E., Cooper, G. L., Anderson, M. L., Woolcock, P. R., Bickford, A. A., Senties-Cue, C. G. and Charlton, B. R. (2009). The diagnosis of very virulent infectious bursal disease in California pullets. Avian Diseases, 53:321–326.
Toro, H., Effler, J. C., Hoerr, F. J. and van Ginkel, F. W.. (2009). Pathogenicity of infectious bursal disease virus variant AL2 in young chickens. Avian Diseases, 53:78 – 82.
Van den Berg, T. P., Gonze, M. and Meulemans, G. (1991). Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry: isolation and characterisation of a highly virulent strain. Avian Pathology, 20:133 – 143.
Van den Berg, T. P. (2000). Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry: a review. Avian Pathology, 29:175 – 194.
Office International des Epizooties (OIE). (2016). Chapter 2. 3. 12. Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease). In: OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. Version adopted in May, 2016; OIE, Paris, 1 – 21.