Evaluation of Insecticidal Activity of Some Oils and Clay against Callosobruchus Maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) On Stored Cowpea

Main Article Content

K. C. Emeasor
O. Ukwoma-Eke

Abstract

The efficacy of clay, Jatrophacurcas (L.) seed oil and palm oil in the control of cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) on stored cowpea was studied in the laboratory of the College of Crop and Soil Sciences of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. Five pairs of male and female C. maculatus (1-2 days old) were introduced into each experimental unit of 250ml plastic vials containing 20 grams cowpea seeds of Ife Brown cultivar, which had been thoroughly admixed with formulations of clay, J. curcas seed oil and palm oil. These formulations and a synthetic insecticide permethrin dust (0.6%) were applied at the rates of 0g (control), 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.3g, 0.4g, 0.5g and replicated three times. This experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and data were collected on the percentage adult mortality at 24 hours, 48 hours, 5 days, and 7 days post infestation, oviposition, and adult emergence of C. maculates and percentage seed germination after three months of storage. The results obtained showed that all the treatments had significantly higher adult mortality (P≤0.05) than the control, significant lower oviposition and adult emergence with higher seed germination. Applications of these formulations at 0.4g and 0.5g per 20g of cowpea seeds were not significantly different (P≤0.05). Clay at all levels had a higher efficacy than the synthetic insecticide (P≤0.05). Therefore clay at the rate of 20g per kilogram of Cowpea could be recommended for use in the control of cowpea storage pest C. maculatus.

Article Details

Section
Articles/Crop & Soil Sciences

References

Abudulai, M. (2003).Cowpea Damage Simulation to Determine Critical Reproductive Stages. J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 20(1): 25–29.
Adebowale, K. O., and Adedire, C. O. (2006) Chemical and Insecticidal Properties of Underutilized, Jatropha curcas seed oil. African Journal of Biotechnology: Vol. 5 (10); 901-906.
Aykroyd, W, R., and Doughty, J. (1982) Legumes in Human Nutrition. FAO Nutritional Studies. 19, FAO, Rome pp 111-119.
Clarkson, T. W. Environmental contaminants in the food chain. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995; 61(3 suppl):682S–686S.
Costa, L. G. (2006) “Current issues in Organophosphate Toxicology”. Clinical Chemistry. Acta, 366 (1-2) 1-13. Dol, 10.
Dales, M. J. (1996), A Review of Plant Materials for Controlling Insect Pest of Stored Products, Natural Resources Institute (NRI), Bulletin 65, Overseas Development Administration (ODA), 84 pp.
Duke, J. A. (1985) Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Florida, US, CRC Press International. Ecology Agriculture Projects. Cultural Methods of pest control, Primary Insect Control, McGill University (MacDonald Campus). Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9 Canada. Pp 10-55.
Emeasor, K. C., and Emosairue , S. O. (2002) Evaluation of Aqueous extracts of six indigenous plant materials and Pirimiphos-methyl for the control of Callosobruchus maculates (F.) in stored cowpea- Annals of Agricultural Science. Pp 122-132
Ene-Obong, H. N. (1984) Market index Consumption Patterns and Contribution of Cowpea/Legumes to the Nutritional intakes of some communities around Nsukka; M.Sc. Thesis. University of Nigeria Nsukka. 222 Pp.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2008) Washington D. C. Pp 204-260
FAO., (1989) Protection of stored Bean Seeds against Bean Bruchids. By van Rheenen, H. A., Pere W. M. and Magoya, J. K. Plant Protection Bulletin.Vol.31(3).
Gordon, N. G. (1998). “Naturally occurring Organophosphate Compounds”: Account Chemical Research. 31(3).141-152.
Halstead, D. G. H. (1963). External sex differences in stored products Coleoptera. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 54: 134-199.
Hassal K.A. (1990). The Biochemistry and uses of Pesticides. Macmillan Press Ltd Hampshire 182 pp.
Hodges, R. (2007). Crop Post-Harvest: Science and Technology; Case Studies in the handling and storage of durable commodities. Wiley-Blackwell; Volume 2. ISBN: 978-0-632-05724-5
IITA (1990), International Institute for Tropical Agriculture: Annual Report for 1990, Ibadan, Nigeria. 108 pp.
Ivbijaro, M. F., (1983) Protection of Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.)Walp. With the Neem Seed, Azadirachta indica A. Juss- Protection Ecology. 5 (13) Pp 117-182.
Jadhau, K.B. and Jadhau, J.D. (1984) Use of vegetable oils, plant extracts and synthetic products as protectants for stored Cowpea. Journal of Stored Products Research.15, 139-150.
Kovacic, P. (2003) Mechanisms of Organophosphates and Antidotes, Electron transfer and Oxidative Stress, Current Medical Chemicals, December, 10(24) 27-59.
Lale, N. E. S. and Abdulrahaman, H. T. (1999) Evaluation of Neem (Azadirachta indica (A.) Juss) Seed oil obtained by different methods and Neem powder for the management of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae) in stored cowpea- Journal of Stored products Research 35, 135-143.
Ofuya, T. I. (2001). Biology, Ecology and Control of insect pest of stored food legumes in Nigeria. In T.I Ofuya and N. E. S. Lale (eds.) Pests of stored cereals and pulses in Nigeria. Biology, Ecology and Control. Dave Collins Publications Akure, Nigeria. Pp 24-58.
Ofuya, T. I. and E. O. Dawodu (2002). Aspects of insecticidal action of Piper guineense (Schum and Thonn) fruit powder against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae. Nigerian Journal of Entomology. 19: 40-50.
Ogunwolu, E O. and Odunlami (1996) Suppression of Seed bruchids (Callosobruchus maculatus) development and damage on Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)) with Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Waterm. (Rutaceae) root back powder when compared to neem seed powder and pirimiphos-methyl. Crop Protection. 15, 603-607.
Ohiagu, C.E., 1986. Grain legumes, production and storage methods in Nigeria. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Development of Storage Methods in Nigeria, held at the Department of Agricultural Science, Ramat Polytechnic, Maiduguri, Nigeria.

Overseas Development and Administration (ODA) and Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources Institute (NRI).(1996). “A Guide to insect pests of Nigerian Crops”. Identification, Biology and Control, 137 Pages.
Quain M.D., Adu-Dapaah, H., Asibuo, J.Y., Parkes, E.O., Thompson, R. Adofo-Boateng, P., Asafu-Agyei, J.N. and S. Addy (2009). Harnessing Biotechnology for Food Security in Ghana. Proceedings of 1st All African Congress on Biotechnology. 22nd – 26th September 2008. Nairobi, Kenya. Nzumah, J.M. and M’mboyi, F. (eds) pp 559-561.
Rajapakse, R., and van Emdem H. F. (1997) Potential of Vegetable Oils and Ten Botanical Powders for reducing infestation of Cowpea by Callosobruchus maculatus, C. chinensis and C. rhodesianus– Journal of Stored Products Research. 33, 59-68.
Singh, S. R. (1978) Resistance to pest of Cowpea in Nigeria – In Singh, S. R., van Emdem H. E. and Taylor T. A. (eds); Pest of grain legumes, Ecology and control. Academic Press London.279 Pp.
Singh, S. R., Jackai L. E. N., Don Santos J.H.R. and Adalla, C. B. (1990). Insect pests of Cowpea- In Singh S. R. (eds); Insect Pests of Food Legumes. IITA/ John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 89 Pp.